‘가야 고구려 동맹’의 형성과 추이

유우창(Yoo, Woo Chang) 효원사학회 2013 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.44

This paper is to pose a question about the conventional argument that political affairs on the Korean peninsula in the 4<SUP>th</SUP> and 5<SUP>th</SUP> centuries were consistently set in the confrontation between ‘Goguryeo Silla Alliance’ versus ‘Baekje Gaya Wa Alliance’ and to postulate Gaya seceded from ‘Baekje Gaya Wa Alliance’ and allied with Goguryeo after Goguryeo’s Southward Conquest. This paper also dissertates that Gaya took its own line on the basis of ‘multilateral diplomacy’ in alliances with other states including ‘Gaya Goguryeo Alliance’. In the first chapter, in order to verify the relations between Gaya and Ye(濊) in the 1<SUP>st</SUP> to 3<SUP>rd</SUP> centuries, I tried to relate records about Ye in books of Ye, Han(韓), Goguryeo(高句麗) and Okjeo(沃沮) in Records of Three Kingdoms( 三國志). Particularly, after the Jianan(建安) era when Daifang(帶方) Prefecture was established, Gaya’s commercial trade with Ye by means of iron trading presented a demonstration that it was actually a trade relation with Goguryeo. In this sense, the commercial trade between Gaya and Goguryeo by the 3<SUP>rd</SUP> century had been developed to the political relationship of alliance amidst the political turmoil on the Korean peninsula in the late 4<SUP>th</SUP> and early 5<SUP>th</SUP> centuries. In the second chapter, I tried to show the formation process of ‘Gaya Goguryeo Alliance.’ The premise is that Gaya abandoned its state name used in the Three Hans Era and began to use such a name as shown in the King Gwanggaeto’s Stele in the late 4<SUP>th</SUP> century at the latest. Through analyzing the article about ‘Goguryeo’s Southward Conquest’ in the Stele, I argue that ‘Gaya Goguryeo Alliance’ such as ‘Alla Goguryeo Alliance’ and ‘Gara Goguryeo Alliance’ was established right before and after 400. According to historical records and archeological materials, ‘Gaya Goguryeo Alliance’ seems to have been maintained until the 5<SUP>th</SUP> century round. In the third chaper, I tried to examine that the amicable relation between two states after the alliance broke up over the growing Goguryeo’s southward expansion policy and Gaya joined ‘Silla Baekje Alliance’. With the breakdown of the alliance with Goguryeo, however, Gaya took its own diplomatic stance and moved toward the ‘multilateral diplomacy’.

가라국 대외관계의 약간의 모색

유우창(Yoo, Woo-Chang) 한국고대사학회 2021 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.104

본고에서는 이른바 ‘지역연맹(체)설’에 입각해서 ‘가라 지역연맹’의 맹주인 가라국의 대외관계를 종래와 약간 다르게 들여다보았다. 가라국의 대외관계 양상은 두 가지로 분리해 보아야 한다. 첫째는 전형적인 관계로 가라국과 다른 나라들, 예컨대 고구려·백제·신라 등의 한반도 삼국 그리고 남제 및 왜와의 대외관계를 들 수 있다. 둘째는 가야사의 특수성에서 기인하는바, 가라국과 다른 ‘지역연맹’과의 상호관계이다. 즉 같은 시기에 존재하고 있던 ‘가라 지역연맹’, ‘가락 소지역연맹’, ‘안라소지역연맹’ 등은 가야의 통합을 지향하고 경쟁했을 것인데, 그 목표가 이루어지기 전까지 이들 (소)지역연맹들 간의 상호관계는 ‘대외관계’로 봐야 할 것이다. 이와 같은 상호관계 속에서 본래 안라와 지역연맹을 이루고 있던 탁순이 6세기 전반에 새로 가라지역연맹에 참여하게 된다. 또 본래 고자국과 함께 ‘소국연합’을 이루고 있던 사물국도 6세기 전반에 가라지역연맹에 참여하였다. 역으로 이전까지 ‘가라지역연맹’의 소속이었던 상기문은 백제에게 점령됨으로써 본래의 지역연맹에서 이탈한 셈이 되었다. ‘지역연맹’의 구성원은 그들의 이해관계 혹은 상황에 따라 종래의 지역연맹에서 이탈하여 새로운 지역연맹에 참여하기도 하였던 것을 알 수 있다. 그러던 중 562년이 되면, 가야는 신라에게 완전히 멸망하게 되는데, 신라는 이와 같은 각각의 ‘지역연맹’들을 차례차례 멸망시켰던 것이다. 가라국의 대외관계는 부상하게 되는 5세기 전반부터 멸망하는 6세기 중반까지 상황에 따라 변화가 심했음을 특징으로 한다. 5세기 전반 고구려와의 우호관계는 가라국 발전의 기틀을 형성하게 되었다. 가라국은 5세기 2/4분기 이후 백두대간과 섬진강을 넘어 영역확장을 이루었고, 이를 기반으로 479년에는 남제에 사신을 파견하여 하지왕이 관작을 받는 등 전성기를 구가하게 되었다. 5세기 후반은 가라국이 고구려와 ‘나제동맹’ 중 하나를 선택해야 하는 시기였다. 비록 고구려의 도움으로 비약적 발전을 이룩했던 가라국이었으나, 고구려에 의한 백제, 신라의 각 개 격파는 이후 가라국에게까지 영향을 미칠 가능성이 컸다. 가라국은 ‘나제동맹’과 공존을 선택하였다. 6세기 전반부터 중반까지 가라국은 때로는 신라와 때로는 백제와 동맹을 맺는 등 그 외교적 행보가 오락가락하였다. 이와 같은 동맹의 난맥상은 결국 가라국을 고립시켜 멸망으로 치닫게 하였다. In this paper, based on the so-called ‘regional league theory’, I looked at the external relations of Gara-guk, the leader of the ‘Gara Regional League’, slightly differently than before. The aspects of Gara-guk’s foreign relations should be divided into two categories. The first is a typical relationship between Gara and other countries, such as Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, on the Korean Peninsula, and external relations with Chinese Namje(南齊) and Japan(倭). The second is the reciprocal relationship between Garaguk and other ‘regional league’ due to the specificity of Gaya history. In other words, the ‘Gara Regional League’, ‘Garak Small Region League’, and ‘Alla Small Region League’, which existed at the same time, must have competed for the unification of Gaya. The mutual relationship should be viewed as an ‘external relationship’. In this mutual relationship, Taksun, who had originally formed the regional league with Alla, newly joined the Gara regional league in the first half of the 6th century. In addition, Samulguk, which had originally formed the ‘small country league’ with Gojaguk, also participated in the Gara Region League in the first half of the 6th century. Conversely, Sanggimun, which had previously belonged to the ‘Gara Region League’, was occupied by Baekje, thus breaking away from the original regional association. It can be seen that the members of the ‘regional league’ broke away from the previous regional league and joined the new regional league according to their interests or circumstances. Then, in 562, Gaya was completely destroyed by Silla, and Silla destroyed each of these ‘regional leagues’ one after another. Gara-guk’s foreign relations are characterized by severe changes depending on the situation from the first half of the 5th century, when it stood out, to the middle of the 6th century, when it was destroyed. In the first half of the 5th century, friendly relations with Goguryeo formed the basis for the development of Gara. After the second quarter of the 5th century, Garaguk expanded beyond the Baekdudaegan and Seomjingang Rivers, and based on this, in 479, an envoy was dispatched to Namje, and King Haji was appointed to the throne. The second half of the 5th century was a time when Gara-guk had to choose between Goguryeo and the Naje alliance. Although Gara-guk achieved rapid development with the help of Goguryeo, the defeat of Baekje and Silla by Goguryeo was highly likely to extend to Gara-guk. Gara-guk chose to coexist with the Naje Alliance. From the first half of the 6th century to the middle of the 6th century, Gara-guk’s diplomatic activities fluctuated, sometimes forming alliances with Silla and sometimes with Baekje. Such a mess of the alliance eventually isolated Gara-guk and led to its destruction.

5∼6세기 ‘나제동맹’의 전개와 가야의 대응

유우창(Yoo Woo?Chang) 부산경남사학회 2009 역사와 경계 Vol.72 No.-

This paper studied the mutual relation of between ‘Three Kingdom’ and the Gaya, throughout the ‘Silla-Baekje Alliance’. In ChapterⅡ, arranged the Gogureo's southward advance policy and the formation time of the Silla-Baekje Alliance. Namely, Silla-Baekje Alliance, not in the year 455 but 474, organized. In Chapter Ⅲ, studied about the Silla-Baekje Alliance extension. After all, in 481, The war occurrenced between Gogureo-Malgal Alliance and Silla-Baekje?Gaya Alliance. The latter took the victory that war. In Chapter Ⅳ, Silla-Baekje Alliance changed its character. Since the 6th century, Silla-Baekje Alliance attacked not only Gogureo but also Gaya. In other words, Silla-Baekje Alliance troops made a raid on Banpa, Taksoon and Alla composed the Gaya. Banpa was opposed to Silla-Baekje Alliance strongly. Taksoon was destroyed by Silla. Alla grew up its phase and organized relation with Gogureo confidentially.

대외관계로 본 가라국의 발전 -5세기대를 중심으로-

유우창 ( Yoo Woo Chang ) 부경역사연구소 2005 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.16

This thesis examined the stream of Grar-gook(加羅國)’s foreign relationship in the 5th century. In Chapter 1, the object is to examine the political situations of three kingdoms in Korean Peninsula and its surrounding forces in the 4th century by three periods : 360s, 370s and 380-90s. In Chapter 2, the object is to assume the location of ‘Imna Gara(任那加羅)’ shown on the article 10 year of ‘the Epitaph on the Monument of the King Gwang-gae-to’( 廣開土王陵碑文) and to study Gara-gook’s countermeasures for Gogooryeo’s southward conquest by reexamining the facts of ‘Alla-in-su-byeong(安羅人戍兵)’. In Chapter 3, examining Gara-gook’s dispatched envoys to Namje of China(中國南齊) in 479, the possibility has been raised that Gogooryeo intervened in direct exchange between Gara-gook and China.

『가락국기』편찬과 역사적 의미

유우창(Yoo, Woo-chang) 한국고대사탐구학회 2020 한국고대사탐구 Vol.36 No.-

본고는 『가락국기』의 편찬에 영향을 미친 시대적 배경과 구성 내용의 바탕이된 저본들을 살펴보고, 결과적으로 『가락국기』라는 역사서가 가지는 역사적 의미를 다시 한 번 생각해보기 위해 작성되었다. 주지하는 바와 같이 고려 전대에 걸쳐 이른바 전성기라 칭할 수 있는 문종대에 『가락국기』는 편찬되었으며, 그것을 후대의 일연이 줄여서 자신이 편찬한 『삼국유사』에 실었다. 그와 같은 과정이 없었으면, 『가락국기』는 아마 失傳되었을 것이다. 『가락국기』는 내용상 가야사를 전론한 유일한 문헌기록이다. 『삼국지』, 『일본서기』 등 외국 문헌과 『삼국사기』 및 『삼국유사』에 간간히 실려 있는 가야 관련 기록들과 함께 가야사 연구의 기초적 사료가 된다. 이와 같이 중요한 『가락국기』가 편찬된 배경으로서, 우선 종래 알려져 온 바대로 문종대 세력가인 인주 이씨가 자신들의 조상을 드높이기 위해 기울인 노력 혹은 기여가 있었음을 높이 평가해야 하지만, 그에 더하여 가락국 고지인 금주에 대한 고려 조정의 위상과 역할 부여도 일정부분 주목해야 할 것이다. 『가락국기』를 편찬하기 위하여 활용된 저본들 중 『개황력』은 편찬 시기가 투항한 가야인들에 대한 우대 정책이 가장 강하게 시행되었던 진흥왕대로 보이며, 『가락국기』 중에 포함된 가락국 강역의 기록은 가락국이 가야의 대표라는 인식이 신라를 거쳐 고려 때까지 내려왔음을 뜻하는데, 결국 『가락국기』가 내포하는 가장 강력한 역사적 의미라 할 것이다. The aim of this paper is to examine the background of the period that influenced the compilation of Garakkukgi(駕洛國記) and the texts that served as the basis for the contents of the composition, and consequently, to rethink the historical meaning of the historical book Garakkukgi. As is well known, Garakkukgi was compiled in King Munjong Period, the so-called heyday of the Goryeo Dynasty, and the later Ilyeon(一然) was abbreviated and Samgukyusa(『三國遺事』) was published by him. Without such a process, Garakkukgi would not have been passed on. Garakkukgi is the only documentary record devoted to the history of Gaya. Along with foreign literatures such as Samgukji(『三國志』) and Ilbonseogi (『日本書紀』) and records related to Gaya that are occasionally published in Samguksagi(『三國史記』) and Samgukyusa, it becomes a basic source of Gaya’s history research. As the background of the compilation of such an important Garakgukgi, first of all, as it has been known, we must highly appreciate the efforts or contributions made by Inju Lee, an influential family member of the King Munjong Period, to exalt their ancestors. In addition, it is worth paying attention to the status and role of the Goryeo Dynasty in Geumju, the former land of Garakguk. Among the texts used to compile the Garakgukgi, Gaehwangreok(『開皇曆』) appears to be recorded in the period of King Jinheung, when the preferential policy for surrendered Gaya people was most strongly enforced. It has the meaning that the recognition as the representative of Silla passed down to Goryeo, but in the end it is inevitable that it is the historical meaning of Garakkukgi.

고대 부산지역 정치체의 성격 -독로국을 중심으로-

유우창(Yoo, Woo-Chang) 한국고대사학회 2019 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.95

『삼국지』 위서 동이전 한조에 나열되어 있는 독로국은 고대 부산지역 정치체가 스스로 표방했던 국명이었다. 독로국은 신라에 병탄되었는데, 신라는 가야의 체취가 물씬 나는 국명 ‘독로’를 폐지하고, 새로이 ‘거칠산’이라는 이름을 붙여 이 지역을 ‘거칠산군’이라 불렀다. 19세기 정약용은 瀆盧國을 ‘두로국’이라 읽고 거제도에 비정했는데, 거제의 옛 군명 ‘裳’의 훈인 ‘두루기’와 음통한다는 이유에서였다. 그러나 16세기 문헌인 『飜譯小學』에서는 ‘裳’을 ‘우틔’라고 새겼는데, 이는 瀆盧國과 裳郡의 관련성을 부정할 수 있는 실마리가 된다. 이와 같은 까닭으로 필자는 瀆盧國을 ‘두로국’이라기보다는 ‘독로국’으로 읽어야 마땅하다고 생각하며, ‘독로’에서 ‘東萊’라는 지명이 유래하였다는 설에 동조하는 바이다. 한편 거제도의 경우, 『삼국사기』 거도열전에 보이는 于尸山國으로 비정하였는데, 그 까닭은 ‘裳’의 고훈인 ‘우틔’와 ‘우시산국’의 음상이 유사해보이기 때문이었다. 독로국이 신라에 편입된 시기는 6세기 전반으로 보이는데, 부산지역의 고분군인 복천동고분군과 연산동고분군은 독로국 사람들이 축조한 것으로 보이며, 특히 후자의 경우 6세기 전반이 되어서야 축조가 중단된다고 한다. 이것은 529년이 되어서야 신라가 독로국의 경역 중 일부인 ‘다다라’(지금의 다대포)를 차지했다는 『일본서기』 계체기 23년 (529) 4월조의 내용과 일맥상통하고 있다. 가야시기 독로국의 국읍은 지금의 동래구에 있었으며, 신라에 병합된 뒤, 거칠산군의 치소는 이전 독로국 시기의 그 자리에 계속 유지되었던 듯하다. 그 후, 경덕왕 때 거칠산군을 동래군으로 개명하면서, 치소도 지금의 망미동으로 옮겨간 것이 아닌가 여겨진다. Dokroguk(瀆盧國), listed in the ‘Book of Han’ of the Biographies of Dong-yi in Samgukji(『三國志』, the History of Chinese Three Kingdoms), was the country’s name which an political organization in ancient Busan region claimed itself. After it annexed Dokroguk, the Silla Kingdom discarded the word ‘Dokro’ reminiscent of Gaya, and renamed the region as ‘Geochilsan-gun’(居柒山郡). In the 19th century, Jeong Yak-yong read 瀆盧國 as ‘Duroguk’ and guessed the region located in Geoje Island. This reason was that the meaning of 裳, the old name of Geoje, could sound as ‘Durugi’. However, in Sohak(『小學』) in Korean (Beonyeok Sohak) published in the 16th century, ‘裳’ was translated as ‘Utui’. This provides the threshold to deny any connection of ‘Duro’-guk and ‘Utui’-gun. For this reason I think 瀆盧國 should be read as ‘Dokroguk’ instead of ‘Duroguk’ and support the view that the region name of ‘Dongnae’(東萊) originated from ‘Dokro’. Meanwhile, Geoje Island was described as Usisanguk(于尸山國) in the Geodo Yeoljeon(Biography of Geodo) of Samkuksagi (the History of Three Kingdoms), as ‘Utui’, the sound of the meaning of ‘裳’, was similar to ‘Usisanguk’. It was considered in the 6th century that Dokroguk was annexed to the Shilla Kingdom. It seems that Tumuli in Bokchedon-dong and Yeonsan-dong of the Busan region were built by the people of Dokroguk. Particularly, the latter ones was stopped the construction by the early 6th century. This is in accordance with the description of Geidaiki(繼體紀) in Ilbonseogi(『日本書記』, the Record of Japan) that the Silla Kingdom occupied Dadara(now Dadaepo), a part of Doroguk region in 529. During the Gaya period, the capital town of Doroguk was Dongnae-gu. After its annexation to the Silla Kingdom, the administrative place of Geochilsan-gun remained where it was. Afterwards, it reckoned that King Geongdeok renamed Geochilsan-gun as Dongnae-gun and moved the administrative place to current Mangmi-dong.

가야사 속의 `연산동고분군`

유우창 ( Yoo Woo-chang ) 부산광역시 시사편찬위원회 2017 항도부산 Vol.34 No.-

일제시기에 이미 극심한 도굴의 피해를 입었던 연산동고분군은 비록 1987년에 정식조사가 시작되었으나, 지난 2000년부터 본격적으로 발굴되고 정비되었다. 발굴조사 결과, 연산동고분군은 6세기 전반이 되어서야 축조가 중단되었다고 한다. 문헌사학계나 고고학계나 현재 시점에서 가장 중요한 과제는 결국 `독로국`이 언제 신라에 병탄되었는가 하는 문제인 듯하다. 그러므로 본고에서도 독로국의 신라 편입시기를 문헌적 측면에서 추적해보는 것을 목적으로 삼았다. 독로국은 삼한시대에 변한, 즉 가야를 구성하는 하나의 소국으로 출발하여 4세기까지 가락국과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 성장하였다. `고구려남정` 이후 독로국은 낙동강을 통하여 고구려로부터 일정한 영향을 받기도 했는데, 복천동고분군에서 출토되는 고구려계 유물은 이를 방증한다. 신라와의 관계도 원만했던 것 같은데, 5세기 전반까지 복천동고분군에 여전히 왕릉급 고분이 축조되기 때문이다. 다만 가락국과는 어느 정도 정치적 거리를 둔 것 같다. 독로국은 6세기 전반인 529년이 되어서야 이사부에 의해 자신의 영역이었던 다다라를 신라에게 실함하였다. 그러나 곧바로 멸망되지는 않고, 가락국과 비슷한 시기에 비슷한 과정을 거쳐 신라로 편입되었을 가능성이 높다. 이는 연산동고분군 이 6세기 전반에 축조가 중단되는 것과 궤를 같이 한다. 연산동고분군은 현대 도심 속에 존재하고 있으며, 봉분이 남아 있는 부산지역 유일의 삼국시대 고분군이다. 연산동고분군 축조세력은 독로국의 지배층이었고, 독로국은 가야를 이루는 구성원이었다. 이 말은 결국 연산동고분군이 `가야사 속`에 존재한다는 의미이다. The Yeonsan-dong tomb group has been unearthed and restored since 2000. The construction of the Yeonsan-dong tomb group complex was stopped until the first half of the 6th century. And then it was said that it was incorporated into Silla. The most important task at present in the history academy and archeology seems to be the question of when `Dongnoguk(瀆盧國)` was slain to Silla. Therefore, this paper also aims to trace the time to incorporate Dongnogook`s Silla territory in terms of literature. Dongnoguk began in the Three Hans period as a small country which constituted Byeonhan, or the Gaya, and was closely related to Garakguk until the fourth century. After `Goguryeo`s Southward Conquest`, Dongnoguk was influenced constantly by Goguryeo through Nakdong River, and Goguryeo relics excavated from Bokcheon-dong tomb group proved this. It seems that relations with Silla were also good, because the royal tombs are still built in Bokcheon-dong tomb group until the first half of the 5th century. However, it seems to have a certain political distance from Garakguk. Dongnoguk was not until 529 in the first half of the 6th century, when Isabu(異斯夫) was deprived of its territory, Dadara(多多羅), by Silla. However, it is likely that it was not destroyed immediately but was incorporated into Silla through a similar process at the same time as Garakguk. This combines the bins with the one Yeonsan-dong tomb group stops making in the first half of the 6th century. Yeonsan-dong tomb group is located in the modern city center, and is the only group of tombs in the Three Kingdoms period in Busan where mounds remain. The people who made Yeonsan-dong tomb group were the rulers of Dongnoguk, and Dongnoguk was the member who made the Gaya. This means that Yeonsan-dong tomb group is in the history of Gaya.

6세기 전반 가라와 '나제동맹'의 대립 : 낙동강과 관련하여

유우창(Yoo Woo-Chang) 효원사학회 2012 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.41

In this paper, the functions of the Nakdong River are chronologically listed as follows: Garak State solidified its leadership of the 'Former-Gaya' at home by controlling the Nakdong River and intervening in trade with other inland political organizations of Gaya between 1st-3rd Century. Outwardly, Garak State strengthened its position by controlling Nakdong River in the long battles with the Silla Dynasty, which attempted to expand its power toward the Nakdong River. In this period, the river functioned as a line of communication, or waterway between several Gaya's political organizations. In the 4th Century, Gaya also claimed a new state name like other surrounding states. The 'Seven States of Gaya', shown in Chronicles of Japan (Nihonshoki), are estimated to have been located around the areas along the main stream and tributaries of the Nakdong River. At that time, the Nakdong River was believed to have been opened to Baekje ships, while being under the control of Garak State as before. In the 5th Century, Gara State began to emerge as a major power after 'Goguryeo's Southward Conquest'. Goryeong was the core area of Gara State as it stood on the western side of the Nakdong River. This gave Gara State a natural path of expansion to Hwang River and Nam River, tributaries of Nakdong River, all under the good terms with Silla and Goguryeo. At that time, Nakdong River was also opened to Goguryeo and served as a natural border with Silla. The river still functioned as a waterway linking Gara State and other surrounding states. Gara State ceded its territory in Gimun to Baekje between 513 and 516. Following this, Gara State began to suspect the true nature of the Silla-Baekje Alliance and began to build fortifications against a possible Silla invasion. Nakdong River then began to function as a defacto military demarcation line rather than a waterway, which demonstrated the tensions between two countries. However, given Gara Silla Marriage Alliance in 522, the river recovered to some degree its function as a waterway. After the marriage alliance was broken off, Gara State ceded its territory in Dasajin, or Daesa to Baekje, and three castles and five northern castles to Silla in March 529. Gaya's Takkitan, Garak, and Taksun states were annexed to Silla in 532 before and after. Afterwards, the Nakdong River functioned just as the final line of defense for Goryeong district, the core area of Gara State, and the lower reaches of the river were controlled by Silla. Thereafter, Gara fell into rapid decline.

고구려 남정 이후 가락국과 신라 관계의 변화

유우창(Yoo Woo-Chang) 한국고대사학회 2010 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.59

본고는, 종래 「광개토왕릉비문」에 나오는 ‘임나가라’를 가락국에 비정한 설을 비판적으로 검토해본 결과, 역시 ‘임나가라’를 가락국보다는 가라국에 비정하는 것이 자연스럽겠다고 판단하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 가락국이 ‘고구려 남정’에서 결코 자유롭지는 못했던 것으로 상정하고 ‘가락국기’ 등 문헌사료를 이용하여 5세기 전반의 가락국과 신라 관계의 변화를 살펴보았는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 「비문」의 ‘임나가라’가 비록 가락국은 아니라 하더라도 가락국이 ‘고구려 남정’의 영향을 어느 정도 받았을 것이며, 그 배후에는 고구려 군사력을 등에 업은 신라가 가락국 방면으로 팽창하고자 하는 의지의 발현이 있었음을 알 수 있게 되었다. 둘째, ‘고구려 남정’ 이후 좌지왕대 가락국은 출자가 신라로 상정되는 ‘傭女’와 그 추종자들에 의하여 일정 정도 내부 간섭을 받았을 가능성을 제기하였다. 즉 이와 같은 사실은 가락국에 파견했던 실성왕대 신라의 대외팽창의지의 소산으로 향후 가락국 잠식을 위한 하나의 단초가 되었을 것으로 생각하였다. 셋째, 이후 신라는 奇計를 펼쳐 가락국을 침공하려 하였지만, 성공하지는 못했던 것으로 보았다. 아마도 눌지왕 치세의 신라가 되어서야 가락국은 이른바 ‘나제화호’의 한 걸림돌로 인식되었을 가능성이 높고, 이에 신라는 가락국 방면으로 팽창하였을 것으로 추정하였다. This paper is making a critical review of the conventional theory that ‘Imnagara’ shown on King Gwanggaeto’s Stele refers to the state of Garak. Instead, I conclude that it would be more natural for the stele to refer to the state Gara, rather than the state Garak. Nevertheless, on my preposition that the state Garak had not completely been free from Goguryeo’s southward conquest, I tried to examine the relationship between the state Garak and the Silla Dynasty in ‘Garakgukgi’. The findings are as follows: First, even if ‘Imnagara’ on the stele doesn’t indicate the state Garak, we can find that Goguryeo’s southward conquest had an influence on the state Garak to some degree, and the Silla Dynasty backed by Goguryeo’s military power constantly attempted to expand at the state Garak. Second, I raised some possibility that the state Garak under the reign of King Jwaji had been interfered by Yongnyeo(hiredwoman) and its followers, who were dispatched by King Silseong of the Silla Dynasty. This could be considered the outcome of Silla’s expansion policy, there after leading to the downfall of Garak. Third, even if Silla invaded the state Garak using some tricks, the attempt usually did not come to anything. However, it was not until the period of Silla’s King Nulji that Silla began to recognize the state Garak as an obstacle a Silla-Baekje alliance. It is highly probable that Silla turned to expansion toward Garak under the reign of King Nulji.

5세기대 '나제동맹'의 성립과 가라국

유우창(Yoo Woo-Chang) 효원사학회 2006 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.30