http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
중환자들의 심부체온 측정에서 고막체온과 직장체온의 비교
김화순,송미경 이화여자대학교 간호과학연구소 1998 Health & Nursing Vol.10 No.2
This study explored if tympanic membrane temperature could be used interchangeblely with rectal temperature as a core temperature among patients in surgical intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to compare tympanic membrane temperature with rectal temperature (calibrated glass mercury) to determine consistency among measures. The sample were thirty-one patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. The age of the sample ranged from 29 to 76 years old(mean 59 years old). Tympanic membrane temperatures were taken with First Temp GeniusR tympanic thermometer, Rectal temperatures were taken with a glass mercury thermometer. The major results of this study can be summarized as follows 1. Intrarater agreement and interrater reliability: Measurements were considered to be same if the second measurements were within 0.1℃ of the first measurement. Intrarater agreement was 96.8%. Interrater reliability was 71%. 2. Agreement between tympanic membrane temperature and rectal temperature Rectal temperature ranged from 35.70℃ to 39.10℃ with a mean of 37.57(SD=0.66). Tympanic membrane temperature ranged from 35.55℃ to 38.850 with a mean of 37.58℃ (SD=0.660). The mean absolute difference between rectal temperature measures and tympanic membrane temperatures was 0.230. Rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures in the rectal mode were not significantly different (t = 0. 147, df=30, p=0.884) and were strongly correlated (r = 0.893). Mean tympanic membrane temperature was slightly higher than mean rectal membrane temperature. 3. Agreement between tympanic membrane temperature in rectal mode and rectal temperature : Tympanic membrane temperature in rectal mode ranged from 35.75℃ to 39.05℃ with a mean of 37.78℃. The mean absolute difference between tympanic membrane temperatures in rectal mode and rectal temperatures was 0.27℃. Findings of this study suggest that temperature measurements fluctuate from site to site. Choosing one optimal site for each patient and using the patient-specific site consistently would result in better tracking of changes in body temperature and thus more timely diagnosis of fever. To ensure consistency in tympanic temperature measurement, nurses should be trained carefully.
김화순 통일연구원 2013 統一 政策 硏究 Vol.22 No.1
The purpose of this study is to identify how works of North Koreans are reorganized against marketplace and what such reorganization means to changes in North Korean system. For the purpose of the study, 200 North Korean refugees who had left North Korea after 2010 were selected as subjects. They were classified into four groups based on work type such as formal workers, informal workers, dual workers, unemployment and non‐economic workers, and factors influencing work type characteristics and work type differentiation were identified. Comparing using multinominal logit model using demographic factors, human resource factors, regional factors and political system factors as independent variables, political system factors (political status, party membership and todae) made the biggest effects on work type differentiation. For example, those who are in upper or middle class in political status have higher probability to have formal works. On the other hand, if they were from antagonized class or don’t have party membership, they are likely to have informal works. When they have party membership and are not from antagonized class, they have better chance to have both formal and informal works. There was conspicuous difference in consciousness on dissatisfaction with system (informal >dual >formal), and interestingly dissatisfaction with system of those who have both formal and informal works has approached near to that of informal workers. This study is meaningful in that this study has identified that the power of nation represented by ‘political system factors’ made important effects on interpopulation differentiation represented by ‘work type’ through an empirical case study. 이 연구는 북한주민의 일(work)이 시장(marketplace)을 중심으로 어떻게 재편되며 이러한 재편이 북한체제 변화에 주는 함의는 무엇인지 알고자 하였다. 이를 위해 ‘일유형(work type)’을 기초개념으로 하여 2010년 이후 북한을 떠난 북한주민 200명을 공식일 종사자, 공식과 비공식일을 병행하는 이중일 종사자, 비공식일 종사자, 무직 및 비경제활동 종사자의 네 집단으로 분류하고, 일유형별 특성과 일유형 분화에 영향을 주는 요인들을 찾았다. 인구학적 요인, 인적자본 요인, 지역 요인, 정치체제 요인을 독립변수로 하여 6개의 로짓다항 모형(multinominal logit model)을 만들어 비교한 결과, 정치체제 요인(정치신분, 당원, 토대)이 북한주민의 일유형 분화에 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 예를 들어 정치신분이 상층, 중층일 경우 공식일(formal work)에 종사할 확률이 높았다. 반면, 토대가 적대계층이거나 비당원인 경우에는 비공식일(informal work)에 종사할 가능성이 높았다. 당원이고 적대계층이 아닐수록 이중일(both formal and informal work)에 종사할 확률이 높았다. 일유형에 따른 체제불만 의식의 차이도 뚜렷하였는데(비공식>이중일>공식일), 흥미로운 사실은 이중일 종사자 체제불만의 수위가 비공식일 종사자의 수준에 거의 근접하였다는 점이다. 이 연구의 의의는 시장화 진전과정에서도 ‘정치체제 요인’으로 대변되는 국가의 힘이 ‘일유형’으로 대변되는 북한 노동의 내부 집단 분화(interpopulation differenciation)에 중요한 영향력을 행사하고 있다는 사실을 실증적 사례연구를 통해 확인한 점이다.