Detection of Trees with Pine Wilt Disease Using Object-based Classification Method

박정묵,심우담,이정수 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.4

In this study, regions infected by pine wilt disease were extracted by using object-based classification method (OB-infected region), and the characteristics of special distribution about OB-infected region were figured out. Scale 24, Shape 0.1, Color 0.9, Compactness 0.5, and Smoothness 0.5 was selected as the objected-based, optimal weighted value of OB-infected region classification. The total accuracy of classification was high with 99% and Kappa coefficient was also high with 0.97. The area of OB-infected region was approximately 90 ha, 16% of the total area. The OB-infected region in Age class V and VI was intensively distributed with 97% of the total. Also, The OB-infected region in Middle and Large DBH class was intensively distributed with 99% of the total. In terms of the topographic characteristics of OB-infected region, the damages occurred approximately 86% below the altitude of 200 m, and occurred 91% with a slope less than 10 degree. The damage occurred a lot in low hilly mountain and undulating slope. In addition, the accessibility to road and residential area from OB-infected region was less than 300 m in large part. Overall, it was figured out that artificial effect is stronger than natural effect with regard to the spread of pine wilt disease.

Detection of Trees with Pine Wilt Disease Using Object-based Classification Method

Park, Jeongmook,Sim, Woodam,Lee, Jungsoo Institute of Forest Science 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.4

In this study, regions infected by pine wilt disease were extracted by using object-based classification method (OB-infected region), and the characteristics of special distribution about OB-infected region were figured out. Scale 24, Shape 0.1, Color 0.9, Compactness 0.5, and Smoothness 0.5 was selected as the objected-based, optimal weighted value of OB-infected region classification. The total accuracy of classification was high with 99% and Kappa coefficient was also high with 0.97. The area of OB-infected region was approximately 90 ha, 16% of the total area. The OB-infected region in Age class V and VI was intensively distributed with 97% of the total. Also, The OB-infected region in Middle and Large DBH class was intensively distributed with 99% of the total. In terms of the topographic characteristics of OB-infected region, the damages occurred approximately 86% below the altitude of 200 m, and occurred 91% with a slope less than 10 degree. The damage occurred a lot in low hilly mountain and undulating slope. In addition, the accessibility to road and residential area from OB-infected region was less than 300 m in large part. Overall, it was figured out that artificial effect is stronger than natural effect with regard to the spread of pine wilt disease.

Detection of Trees with Pine Wilt Disease Using Object-based Classification Method

Jeongmook Park,Woodam Sim,Jungsoo Lee 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.4

In this study, regions infected by pine wilt disease were extracted by using object-based classification method (OB-infected region), and the characteristics of special distribution about OB-infected region were figured out. Scale 24, Shape 0.1, Color 0.9, Compactness 0.5, and Smoothness 0.5 was selected as the objected-based, optimal weighted value of OB-infected region classification. The total accuracy of classification was high with 99% and Kappa coefficient was also high with 0.97. The area of OB-infected region was approximately 90 ha, 16% of the total area. The OB-infected region in Age class V and VI was intensively distributed with 97% of the total. Also, The OB-infected region in Middle and Large DBH class was intensively distributed with 99% of the total. In terms of the topographic characteristics of OB-infected region, the damages occurred approximately 86% below the altitude of 200 m, and occurred 91% with a slope less than 10 degree. The damage occurred a lot in low hilly mountain and undulating slope. In addition, the accessibility to road and residential area from OB-infected region was less than 300 m in large part. Overall, it was figured out that artificial effect is stronger than natural effect with regard to the spread of pine wilt disease.

腹藏儀式의 作法節次에 관한 연구

한정미 동아시아불교문화학회 2019 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.40

This paper is a study on the Buddhist ceremonial procedure(作法節次) of Bokjang(腹藏) ritual which can be classified into the main ritual and the sub-ritual, prior to the main ritual. The sub-ritual, consisted of Saengbansamboon(生飯三分), purifying ceremony[淨化儀式], Samhwasangcheong(三和尙請), ceremony to the Buddhist gods[神衆作法], calling 37 Buddhas for verification[證明唱佛], is to complete the formality for the main ritual to be carried out properly based on the dharma. The main ritual, carried out in the order of preceptor(ācārya) purifying ceremony[阿闍梨淨化儀式], unifying ceremony[加持儀式:praying for unification with the Buddha], abiding ceremony[安立儀式], offering ceremony[供養儀式], ceremony designating the statue of Buddha as a sanctuary[佛像結界儀式], enshrining ceremony[奉安儀式], is to unify the Bokjang objects with the Buddha and to enshrine them in the statue of Buddha. The importance of the role and performance of the preceptor(阿闍梨, ācārya) is emphasized in the Bokjang ritual, since the preceptor contemplation[觀想法] and making mudrā with the fingers[結印法] seen in the Esoteric Buddhist books are contained in detail. Furthermore, most of the objects are unified[加持], put to the five Buddhas of Vajradhātu-mandala[金剛界曼茶羅五佛] and five paramita Bodhisattvas[五波羅蜜菩薩], but the five treasure bottles and the five color strings are put to the five Buddhas of Taejang-mandala[胎藏曼茶羅五佛] and unified. The five treasure bottles is a primary place to store the unified objects, and the five color strings seal the huryeongtong(喉鈴筒). This has the symbolic meaning that Taejang(胎藏), the essence, and Vajradhātu(金剛界), the practice system, are one. n addition, designating the sanctuary and purifying ceremony are done repeatedly. First, the place of the ritual and the participants are purified during the saengbansamboon. Second, the participants and the bokjang objects are purified during the purifying ceremony. Third, the place is designated as a sanctuary during the ceremony to the Buddhist gods. Forth, the preceptor, the ritual masters of the five directions(五方法師), and a dharma master of mantra chanting(誦呪法師) are purified during the preceptor purifying ceremony. Fifth, the bokjang altar is designated as a sanctuary and the bokjang objects are unified with the Buddha during the unifying ceremony. Sixth, the statue of Buddha is designated as a sanctuary for the last. Thus, by repeating the sanctuary designation and purification ceremonies, the preceptor, monks and masters, and other participants, the place of the ritual, the bokjang altar, the bokjang objects, and the statue of Buddha are all perfectly purified and then the seed of the Buddha[佛種子] is abided in the statue. 본 논문은 복장의식의 작법절차에 관한 고찰로, 복장의식은 전의식과 본 의식으로 구분할 수 있다. 전의식은 본의식이 여법히 수행될 수 있도록 격을 갖추는 의식으로 생반삼분, 정화의식, 삼화상청, 신중작법, 증명창불 등으로 구성되며, 본 의식은 복장물목을 가지하여 불상에 봉안하는 것으로 아사리 정화의식, 가지의식, 안립의식, 공양의식, 불상결계의식, 봉안의식 순으로 거행된다. 복장의식은 밀교의궤에서 볼 수 있는 아사리관상법과 결인법이 상세히 수록되어 있어, 아사리의 역할과 기능의 중요성이 강조된다. 더불어 대부분의 물목들에 금강계만다라 오불과 오바라밀보살을 배대하여 가지하나, 오보병과 오색사는 태장만다라 오불을 배대하여 가지한다. 오보병의 역할은 가지된 물목을 1차적으로 안립 하는 장소이며, 오색사는 후령통을 봉인하는 역할을 한다. 이는 본체인 태장과 수행체계인 금강계가 하나라는 상징적 의미를 갖는다. 또한 결계와 정화의식을 여러 번 행한다. 첫 번째는 생반삼분 시 도량과 동참자를 결계하고, 두 번째 정화의식 시 동참제자와 복장물목을 결계 정화하며, 세 번째 신중작법 시 도량결계를 하고, 네 번째 아사리 정화의식 시 아사리와 오방법사, 송주법사가 정화하며, 다섯 번째 가지의식 시 복장단 결계와 각종 물목을 가지하고, 여섯 번째 불상결계의식 시 불상결계를 한다. 이와 같이 결계와 가지를 재차 삼차 행함으로써 의식을 집전하는 아사리와 법사, 동참제자, 도량과 복장단, 복장물목, 불상 모두 완벽하게 정화한 후 불상에 불종자를 안립 한다.