공간통계기법을 이용한 전국 일 최고/최저기온 공간변이의 추정

신만용 ( Man Yong Shin ),윤진일 ( Jin Il Yun ),서애숙 ( Ae Sook Suh ) 大韓遠隔探査學會 1999 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.15 No.1

농업을 비롯한 산업활동을 효율적으로 수행하기 위해서는 전문 기상정보의 활용이 필수적이다. 영농활동에 있어서 의사지원시스템의 핵심으로 떠오르고 있는 작물 생장모형은 부단히 변화하는 대기환경에 대한 공간정보를 요구하기 때문에, 모형의 실용화를 위해서는 기상 관측밀도가 낮은 광범위한 작물 생육지역을 대상으로 일별 기상요소에 대한 공간분포를 추정해야 한다. 이러한 취지에서 본 연구는 미관측 지점을 포함하는 우리 나라 전국을 대상으로 작물모형의 구동에 필요한 최소 기상요소들 중에서 일 최고 및 일 최저기온의 공간적인 분포를 추정화고 그 추정 精度를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 58개 지점의 23년간 실측 기온자료로부터 지형기후학적 방법에 의하여 격자단위의 월별 기온평년값을 추정하고, 조화해석법에 의하여 일별값으로 변환하였다. 66개 기상청관측소에서 수집된 임의 날짜의 최고/최저기온값과 관측소 해당 격자점의 평년값간 편차를 구한 다음, 미관측 격자점을 포함하는 한반도 전역의 기온 편차를 거리역산기중법에 의하여 내삽·추정하였다. 각 격자점의 최종적인 기온 추정값은 기온 평년값에 이 편차를 더함으로써 얻었다. 얻어진 온도분포는 위성자료로부터 추정한 지표온도분포 양상과 크게 다르지 않았다. 300 여개의 자동기상관측장비들로부터 수집된 자료와 비교한 결과, 추정오차는 1.5℃~2.5℃였다. The use of climatic information is essential in the industrial society. More specialized weather services are required to perform better industrial activities including agriculture. Especially, crop models require daily weather data of crop growing area or cropping zones, where routine weather observations are rare. Estimates of the spatial distribution of daily climates might complement the low density of standard weather observation stations. This study was conducted to estimate the spatial distribution of daily minimum and maximum temperatures in Korean Peninsula. A topoclimatological technique was first applied to produce reasonable estimates of monthly climatic normals based on 1km × 1km grid cell over study area. Harmonic analysis method was then adopted to convert the monthly climatic normals into daily climatic normals. The daily temperatures for each grid cell were derived from a spatial interpolation procedure based on inverse-distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 4 standard weather stations. Data collected from more than 300 automatic weather systems were then used to validate the final estimates on several dates in 1997. Final step to confirm accuracy of the estimated temperature fields was comparing the distribution pattern with the brightness temperature fields derived from NOAA/AVHRR. Results show that differences between the estimated and the observed temperatures at 20 randomly selected automatic weather systems(AWS) range from -3.0℃ to +2.5℃ in daily maximum, and from -1.8℃ to +2.2℃ in daily minimum temperature. The estimation errors, RMSE, calculated from the data collected at about 300 AWS range from 1.5℃ to 2.5℃ for daily maximum/minimum temperatures.

천연 활엽수림의 입지 유형별 미기후 추정과 직경생장과의 관계 : 강원도 평창 지역 국유림을 중심으로 A Case Study on the National Forest in Pyungchung, Kangwon Province

신만용,정상영,이돈구 한국농림기상학회 2001 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.3 No.1

This study was conducted to estimate microclimate of natural deciduous forest in national forest of Pyungchang, Kangwon province and to investigate the effects of the microclimatic conditions on the periodic annual increment of diameter by site types. In this study, site was first classified by nine types considering both elevation (higher than 1,000 m, 700~1,000 m, and lower than 700 m) and topographical conditions (ridge, slope and valley). For each of site types, diameter growth was measured by using increment borer and periodic annual increment of diameter was then analyzed. A topoclimatological technique, for estimating microclimatic conditions, which make use of empirical relationships between the topographical factor and the climatic normals in the study area was applied to produce monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation and hours of sunshine. From these monthly estimtes, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc. which affect the diameter growth were computed for each of site types. The periodic annual increment of diameter was then correlated with and regressed on the 17 weather variables to examine effects of microclimatic conditions on the diameter growth by site types. From the correlation analysis, it was found that the diameter growth by site types was positively correlated with all of 17 weather variables except the warmth index. Especially, the conditions such as high relative humidity and large amount of sunshine hours provide favorable environment for the growth of diameter. On the other hand, it was also found that diameter growth was negatively influenced by warmth index. According to the regression analysis, the periodic annual increment of diameter could be well predicted by index of aridity and mean relative humidity for the growing season.

입지유형별 미기후가 천연 활엽수림의 임목 생장에 미치는 영향

신만용 ( Man Yong Shin ),정상영 ( Sang Young Chung ),한원성 ( Won Sung Han ),이돈구 ( Don Koo Lee ) 한국농림기상학회 2008 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.10 No.1

입지유형별 미기후 특성이 임목생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 연구 대상지의 입지유형을 사면방향, 해발고, 그리고 지형특성 등의 총 36가지 유형으로 구분한 후, 각 입지유형별 평년 기후값을 지형기후학적 방법으로 추정한 후, 평년 기후값으로부터 임목생장에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단되는 17개 기후변수를 입지유형별로 도출하였다. 한편 입지유형별 직경생장, 수고생장, 재적생장에 대한 정보를 얻기 위해 임분조사를 실시했으며, 직경생장량, 수고생장량, 재적생장량의 추정에 적합한 회귀추정식을 17개 기후변수를 사용하여 개발하였다. 입지유형별 직경생장량은 건조지수에 의하여 최적으로 추정할 수 있었다. 건조지수는 총강수량에 대한 연 평균기온의 비에 의하여 계산되기 때문에 강수량이 많아 수분조건이 양호한 입지조건에서 직경생장이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 수고생장량은 건조지수와 월 평균 일조시수의 두 기후변수의 조합에 의해 잘 추정되는 것으로 나타났으며, 재적생장량 추정식에 포함된 기후변수는 건조지수와 월 평균 상대습도로 밝혀졌다. 결과적으로 입지유형별 직경생장, 수고생장, 그리고 재적생장을 추정하기 위해 사용한 17개 기후변수 중에서 공통적으로 건조지수가 포함되어 입지유형별 임목생장에는 수분조건이 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 평가된다. In this study we investigated the effects of the microclimatic conditions on tree growth in different site types for natural deciduous forests in Korea. First, we classified all the sites into 36 types according to their aspect (east, west, south, and north), elevation (higher than 1,000 m, 700~1,000 m, and lower than 700 m), and topographical conditions (ridge, slope, and valley). For each site type, we measured diameter growth with increment borer, and then estimated periodic annual increment of diameter, height and volume. We applied a topoclimatological technique for estimating microclimatic conditions, and produced monthly climatic estimates from which 17 weather variables (including indices of warmth, coldness, and aridity) were computed for each site type. The periodic annual increments of diameter, height, and volume were then correlated by regression analysis with those weather variables to examine effects of microclimate on tree growth by site type. We found that the correlation of diameter growth by site type was significantly correlated with most weather variables except daily photoperiod. Water condition was the most important factor for the height growth. For volume growth, on the other hand, the conditions such as relatively high temperature and low humidity provided favorable environment. Our regression analysis shows that aridity index is a good predictor for tree growth including diameter, height and volume increments.

지역별 잣나무 초기생장에 미치는 미기수의 영향 : 연년생장과 미기후와의 관계 Relation between Annual Increment and Local Climatic Conditions

전상근,신만용 한국농림기상학회 1999 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.1 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of local climatic conditions on the annual increment of Korean white pine planted in Gapyung and Young dong. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age were measured and summarized for each locality. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 8 year s from stand age 10 to 18 were calculated for each of stand variables. A topoclimatological technique which makes use of empirical relation ships between the topography and the weather in study sites was applied to produce normal estimates of monthly mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, and hours of sunshine. Then, the yearly climatic variables from 1990 to 1997 for each study site were derived from the spatial interpolation procedures based on inverse-distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 11 standard weather stations. From these estimates, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc., which affect the tree growth, were computed on yearly base for each locality. The deviations of measured annual increments from the expected annual increments for 8 years based on yield table of Korean white pine were then correlated with and regressed on the yearly weather variables to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provides better conditions for the growth of Korean white pine in the early stage than Young dong area. This indicates that the conditions such as low temperature, high relative humidity, and large amount of precipitation provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. According to the correlation and regression analysis using local climatic conditions and annual increments, the growth pattern of Gapyung area corresponds to this tendency. However, it was found that the relationship between annual increments and local climatic conditions in Young dong area shows different tendency from Gapyung. These results mean that the yearly growth pattern could not sufficiently be explained by climatic conditions with high variance in yearly weather variables. In addition, the poor growth in Young dong area might not only be affected by climatic conditions, but also by other environmental factors such as site quality.

지역별 잣나무 초기생장에 미치는 미기후의 영향 - 연년생장과 미기후와의 관계-

전상근,신만용,Chon Sang- Keun,Shin Man Yong 한국농림기상학회 1999 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.1 No.1

본 연구는 경기도 가평과 충천북도 영동에 식재된 잣나무 임분의 임령별 연년생장을 파악하고 지역적 기후조건이 잣나무 초기생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 먼저 각 지역의 임령별 평균 흉고직경, 평균 수고, ha당 흉고단면적, ha당 재적 등의 임분통계량을 측정 요약하였으며, 이에 근거하여 10년생부터 18년생까지 8년간의 초기생장에 대한 임분변수별 연년생장량을 파악하였다. 연구 대상지의 지역별 미기후는 지형과 기후치간의 관계를 이용한 지형기후학적 방법에 의해 평균기온, 최고기온, 최저 기온, 상대습도, 강수량, 그리고 일조시수의 월별 평년 값을 추정한 후, 공간통계기법을 적용하여 지역별·연도별 월별 기후치를 추정하였다. 이들 자료를 이용하여 임목생장에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단되는 온량지수, 한랭지수, 건조지수 등의 17개 기후변수를 지역별·연도별로 산출하고 임분변수별 연년생장량과의 상관분석 및 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 잣나무의 초기생장은 경기도 가평이 충청북도 영동에 비하여 훨씬 우수한 성장을 보이고 있었다. 일반적으로 잣나무 임분의 생장은 기온이 낮고 강수량이 많아 높은 습도를 유지하는 지역이 적합한 것으로 알려져 있다. 지역별의 추정된 연도별 미기후와 연년생장과의 상관관계와 회귀분석 결과에 의하면, 가평 지역 잣나무 유령임분의 연년생장은 이러한 일반적인 생장-기후 관계와 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 영동지역의 임분변수별 연년생장과 미기후와의 관계는 가평지역과는 다소 다른 경향을 보이고 있다. 이러한 결과는 연간 변이가 심한 기후조건에도 불구하고 비교적 짧은 기간 동안의 자료만으로는 연년생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하는데 한계가 있다는 사실에 기인한다. 또한 영동지역의 저조한 생장의 원인에 미기후 조건 이외에도 지위와 같은 다른 환경요인이 복합적으로 작용하기 때문으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of local climatic conditions on the annual increment of Korean white pine planted in Gapyung and Yaungdong. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age were measured and summarized for each locality. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 8 years from stand age 10 to 18 were calculated for each of stand variables. A topoclimatological technique which makes use of empirical relationships between the topography and the weather in study sites was applied to produce normal estimates of monthly mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, and hours of sunshine. Then, the yearly climatic variables from 1990 to 1997 for each study site were derived from the spatial interpolation procedures based on inverse- distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 11 standard weather stations. From these estimates, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc., which affect the tree growth, were computed on yearly base for each locality. The deviations of measured annual increments from the expected annual increments for 8 years based on yield table of Korean white pine were then correlated with and regressed on the yearly weather variables to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provides better conditions for the growth of Korean white pine in the early stage than Youngdong area. This indicates that the conditions such as low temperature, high relative humidity, and large amount of precipitation provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. A ccording to the correlation and regression an analysis using local climatic conditions and annual increments, the growth pattern of Gapyung area corresponds to this tendency. However, it was found that the relationship between annual increments and local climatic conditions in Youngdong area shows different tendency from Gapyung. These results mean that the yearly growth pattern could not sufficiently be explained by climatic conditions with high variance in yearly weather variables. In addition, the poor growth in Youngdong area might not only be affected by climatic conditions, but also by other environmental factors such as site quality.