대형 DME버스의 연비 및 배기가스 특성에 관한 연구

오용일(Yong Il Oh),표영덕(Young Duk Pyo),권옥배(Ock Bae Kwon),백영순(Young Sun Beak),조상현(Sang Hyun Cho),임옥택(Ock Taeck Lim) 대한기계학회 2012 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.36 No.4

본 연구에서는 대형버스 배기가스 테스트 모드인 JE-05 에서 DME와 디젤을 연료로 사용하는 대형 DME버스를 차대동력계, 배기가스 분석기 그리고 PM 측정시스템을 이용하여 대형 DME버스의 연비, 배기가스특성 그리고 동적 특성에 대해 알아보았다. 대형 DME버스에는 6기통 8,071cc 디젤엔진이 장착되었으며, 현재 운행되고 있는 상용 디젤버스와는 달리 DOC, DPF와 같은 후처리 장치가 없다. 실험 결과, 각 부하에 따른 차량의 속도를 통하여 차량의 동적 특성은 DME와 디젤을 사용했을 때 거의 비슷한 것을 알 수 있었다. NOx, CO와 THC는 DME를 연료로 사용 시 디젤연료에 비해 더 적게 배출되는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 PM은 DME연료를 사용 시 거의 발생하지 않았는데, 이는 DME가 함산소연료이고 분자구조상 탄소-탄소 결합이 없기 때문이라고 생각된다. CO₂는 각 연료 사용 시 비슷하게 발생하였으며, 저위발열량 베이스로 계산된 연비는 DME연료 사용 시 디젤연료보다 약 6.7% 더 낮게 나왔다. The experimental test was conducted for a heavy-duty DME bus in JE-05 exhaust gas test mode using a chassis dynamometer, exhaust gas analyzers, and a PM measurement system. The heavy-duty DME bus was not equipped with after-treatment systems such as DOC or DPF. The dynamic behavior, emission characteristics, and fuel economy of the bus were investigated with an 8.0-liter, 6-cylinder conventional diesel engine. The results showed that the dynamic behavior in DME mode was almost the same as in diesel mode. However, there was little difference among the two operation modes for NOx and CO emissions. THC emissions were lower for DME mode than for diesel mode. Also, the amount of PM emissions was remarkably lower than for the diesel mode because DME contains a greater amount of oxygen than diesel. The data showed that CO₂ emissions were almost similar in the two modes but fuel economy (calculated using heating value) was lower for DME mode than for diesel mode.

DME-LPG 혼합연료에 따른 사고결과 피해예측

박달재(Dal-Jae Park),이영순(Young-Soon Lee) 한국가스학회 2011 한국가스학회지 Vol.15 No.2

DME(Dimethyl Ether)는 청정에너지원으로 친환경적이고, 다양한 용도로 사용될 수 있는 장점이 있다. 또한 DME는 LPG와 물리적 특성이 매우 유사하여, LPG와 혼합될 수 있고, DME-LPG 혼합연료는 기존 LPG 기반시설의 커다란 개조 없이 사용될 수 있다. 그러나 DME-LPG 혼합연료가 보급될 시 관련 설비 증가로 인해 중대사고 발생 가능성이 높다. 이에 본 연구에서는 DME-LPG 혼합연료에 따른 누출속도, 제트화재, 증기운 폭발, BLEVEs 및 화구 등의 피해예측을 실시하고, 이를 분석하여 DME-LPG 혼합연료의 위험성을 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, LPG와 DME 20 % 연료에서 제트화재, 증기운 폭발, BLEVEs 및 화구로 인한 피해예측 범위는 거의 유사한 것으로 나타났다. DME(Dimethyl Ehther) is considered as an attractive fuel in terms of clean, environmentally friendly form of energy, multi-source and multi-purpose. As the physical properties of DME are almost similar to LPG, DME can be mixed with LPG and DME-LPG mixture fuels seem to be employed without major remodeling of the existing LPG supply infrastructure. However, little attention has been given to the effect of different DME-LPG mixture fuels on consequence analysis to adjacent facilities, buildings and etc. In this work, the consequence analysis by different DME-LPG mixture fuels has been done. The results were discussed in terms of release rate, jet fire, vapor cloud explosions, BLEVEs and etc. It was found that the consequences estimated from fire and explosion scenarios assumed were almost similar for both LPG and DME 20 %.

Assessment of Changing Pattern of Temperature and CO2 by Using DME Combustion Gas for Enhanced Growth of Pepper Plant in Greenhouse

( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Qasim Waqas ),( Fawad Khan ),( Frank Gyan Okyere ),( Jihoon Park ),( Elanchezhian Arulmozhi ),( Yong Jin Lee ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.2

This experiment was conducted to assess the changing pattern of temperature and carbon dioxide concentration by using Dimethyl Ether (DME) combustion gas as a fuel for DME burner for observing those effects on height of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) in winter season. To achieve the objectives of the study, we assayed three treatments for the three control greenhouses. DME-1 and DME-2 treatments consisted of average DME flow quantity in duct were 17.4 ㎥/min and 10.2 ㎥/min respectively to greenhouse-1 and greenhouse-2 and no DME gas was supplied to greenhouse-3 which was left as control (DME-3). We measured the daily temperature and CO₂ concentrations using sensors located in three different places with fixed three distinct heights in each greenhouse. In most ways, and perhaps in virtually all, we provided all crop management practices to each greenhouse at a same time in a fixed rate. Twenty plants from each greenhouse were collected randomly after 15 days of germination and were used to measure root and shoot length for eight weeks for each treatment. The study found that the concentration of CO₂ increased up to 290% and 205% and temperature raised up to 5.5°C and 3.5°C treated with DME at 17.4 ㎥/min and 10.2 ㎥/min respectively compared to control condition. There was a significant relationship observed between the rate of DME application and growth of pepper plant. Mean (±sd) plants height (mm) at vegetative phase of pepper plant after 8 week were 272±3.83, 264±5.19 and 255±7.64 for DME-1, DME-2 and DME-3 respectively. A comparison of relative growth rates among the treatments indicated more rapid relative growth rate at vegetative phase of pepper plant implying better yield.

DME 혼합가스로부터 95 wt% 이상의 DME 회수를 위한 분리공정 연구

임계규(Gyegyu Lim),박승규(Seungkyu Park),노재현(Jeahyun Rho),백영순(Youngsoon Baek) 한국청정기술학회 2009 청정기술 Vol.15 No.4

DME (dimethyl ether, CH₃OCH₃) 직접합성 반응기로부터 생산되는 DME 혼합물(DME: 19~20 mol%)을 DME 흡수탑과 DME 정제탑 장치 2기를 사용하여 대체연료로 사용할 수 있는 순도로 분리하였다. DME 흡수탑에서는 메탄올을 세정용매로 사용하였고 운전압력 50 bar내에서 원료 중 DME를 탑 하부로 99% 이상 회수하는 것을 목적으로 하였으며, 이를 위해 실험실 규모의 실험장치를 통해 얻은 실험식을 사용하여 운전압력 50 bar내에서 DME를 99% 회수하기 위해 필요한 메탄올의 유량을 산출하였다. 그리고 95wt% 이상의 DME 순도를 얻기 위해 DME 정제탑을 사용하였으며, 경질 생성물(이산화탄소, 질소 등)이 소량(5~10 mol%)이고, 중간생성물(DME)의 양(20~30 mol%)이 적지 않은 것을 감안하여 측면흐름(4단)의 액상 생성물로서 최대 98.2 wt% 순도의 DME를 얻었다. In order to separate the fuel-grade DME from the product of a direct DME synthesise reaction, containing 19~20% of DME, an absorption column and a purification column were employed. In the DME absorption column, the flow rate of the methanol required to recover more than 99% of DME at 50 bar was estimated by the correlation obtained from the lab-scale experiments. In the DME purification column, the maximum DME recovery of 98.2% could be obtained even from the side stream at the 3rd stage above the feed stage, since the feed stream originated from the product of the absorption column had already contained a large amount of DME (20~30 mol%) and only a small amount of light products such as CO₂ and N₂ (5~10 mol%).

Demonstration of DME clean fuel and the Status of DME Business

Won jun Cho,Hye jin Yu,Je seol Lee 한국유화학회 2017 한국유화학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.3

In Korea, DME business has brought many technological advances over the past 20 years through technology development and demonstration projects. In this paper, we aim to describe DME in Korean SMEs(Small and Medium-sized Enterprises) as a project to reduce fine dust and replace diesel fuel. And we also introduce the effort to supply DME from SMEs for the next 5 years in the domestic small market scale. In this issue, we will discuss the development of small-scale DME plants from landfill gas and methanol, and mention the business opportunities to produce and distribute DME. Bio Friends Inc. has introduced a process for producing DME from landfill gas (LFG), a methane resource in China. For the construction of small scale (2-50 thousand tons) DME plant and the project to supply DME, we had been going to visit the landfill sites of Tieling City and Harbin City in China to promote business description and investment since Jan. 2017. In Korea, Daeheung Industry has continued to produce DME from methanol, and plans to expand DME plant to commercial production in 2018. Daeheung Industry and Bio fiends Inc. are planning to produce prototype DME buses and generators in order to carry out empirical studies to supply DME fuel to Ulsan City with the support of Ulsan City, Ulsan TP, Ulsan University and KIER. Organized by Unisys International, Bio Friends Inc. participated in the project to supply DME for rural fuels at the Gwangju Smart Farm. The project started at the end of 2016 and is scheduled to be distributed to the facility farms in Gongju City and Jinju City. Also, DME is being considered to be supplied to the farmers in Jeju Island. Korea s DME partners are looking forward to active demonstration and plant construction projects for small and medium-sized enterprises to supply 20,000 tons of DME by 2020, and hope to make many investments abroad as well.

Propane-DME 혼합비율에 따른 가정용 가스레인지의 열효율 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

안재욱(Jae Uk Ahn),황현철(Hyun Cheol Hwang),김영규(Young-Gyu Kim),권정락(Jeong-Rock Kwon) 한국가스학회 2008 한국가스학회지 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구는 현재 상용화를 추진중인 Propane-DME(dimethyl ether) 혼합가스를 가정용 가스레인지에 적용하였을 경우 각 버너에서의 열효율 특성이 KS 기준에 부합되는지를 알아보기 위하여 국내 4개사의 가정용 가스레인지를 대상으로 Propane 100%인 가스와 Propane-DME 혼합비율이 80%~20%(wt.%)인 혼합가스에 대하여 실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, DME의 발열량이 낮아 DME 혼합비율이 높아질수록 열효율은 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 4개사 중 1개사의 제품은 Propane-DME 혼합비율이 80%~20%(wt.%)인 혼합가스를 사용하였을 경우 열효율이 KS 기준인 40%에 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에, Propane-DME 혼합비율이 80%~20%(wt.%)인 혼합가스를 가정용 가스레인지에 적용하기 위해서는 적정한 기준개발이 요구된다. In this paper, the research was applied the mixture gas of Propane-DME (dimethyl ether) for being commercialization to residential gas ranges. In order to examine a correspondence between Korean Standard and thermal efficiency characteristics at each burner, experiments were performed with 100% Propane and the mixture gas of 80% Propane-20% DME. The experimental results were shown that the higher a mixture ratio of DME was used, the lower a thermal efficiency was gained. Those were due to low caloric value of DME. With 80% Propane-20% DME mixture gas, one of residential gas ranges was not satisfied the condition for the thermal efficiency value, 40%, Korean Standard. Consequently, the research needs about the standard for being commercialization to the mixture gas of Propane-DME.

DME 직접 합성공정 기술개발

모용기(Yong Gi Mo),조원준(Wonjun Cho),백영순(Young Soon Baek) 한국가스학회 2010 한국가스학회지 Vol.14 No.3

DME(Dimethyl Ether)는 물리적 성질이 LPG와 유사하여 청정하면서 LPG와 잘 섞이고, 세탄가가 디젤연료와 유사하여 디젤을 대체할 수 있는 환경 친화적인 차세대 대체에너지이다. DME는 천연가스, CBM, biomass 등 다양한 원료로부터 제조할 수 있으며 탄소-탄소 직접결합이 없어 연소시 배기가스중에 검댕이나 황산화물이 없다. 한국가스공사에서 개발한 DME 공정은 크게 4개의 section으로 구분할 수 있다. 먼저 합성가스를 제조하는 syngas section 에서는 다양한 합성가스 비율을 제조할 수 있다. 이것은 tri-reforming을 완성하는 과정에서 합성가스 비율을 약 4.0∼1.0의 범위로 조절할 수 있다. 두 번째로 CO₂ removal section에서 제거되는 CO₂는 약 92∼99%로서 DME 합성반응기로 유입되는 CO₂의 최대 농도는 8%를 넘지 않아야 한다. 세 번째로 DME synthesis section에서 DME 합성 반응기의 반응온도는 높을수록 활성이 좋지만 촉매의 장기 활성을 위해서는 적정한 온도를 유지하는 것이 바람직하다. 마지막으로 DME purification section에서는 99.5%이상의 고순도의 DME를 정제할 수 있다. The physical properties of DME(Dimethyl Ether) are very similar to LPG and well-mixed. As cetane number of DME is similar to diesel fuel that can replace diesel fuel and alternative energy. DME is a clean energy source that can be manufactured from various raw materials such as natural gas, CBM(Coal Bed Methane) and biomass. DME has no carbon-carbon bond in its molecular structure and its combustion essentially generates no soot as well as no SOx. The development of DME process in KOGAS have 4 section. First, syngas section can be manufactured various syngas ratio. This completes the tri-reforming process for the synthesis gas ratio of approximately 4.0 to 1.0 range can be adjusted. Second, CO₂ is removed from the CO₂ removal section of about 92∼99%, so the maximum concentration of CO₂ entering the DME synthesis reactor should not exceed 8%. Third, in the DME synthesis section, if the temperature of DME reactor increases, the activity of DME catalyst increased. but for the long-term activity is desirable to maintain the proper temperature. Finally, the purity of DME in the DME purification section is over 99.6%.

Simulation of DME synthesis from coal syngas by kinetics model

Hyun Min Shim,Seung Jong Lee,Young Don Yoo,Yong Seung Yun,Hyung Taek Kim 한국화학공학회 2009 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.26 No.3

DME (Dimethyl Ether) has emerged as a clean alternative fuel for diesel. There are largely two methods for DME synthesis. A direct method of DME synthesis has been recently developed that has a more compact process than the indirect method. However, the direct method of DME synthesis has not yet been optimized at the face of its performance: yield and production rate of DME. In this study it is developed a simulation model through a kinetics model of the ASPEN plus simulator, performed to detect operating characteristics of DME direct synthesis. An overall DME synthesis process is referenced by experimental data of 3 ton/day (TPD) coal gasification pilot plant located at IAE in Korea. Supplying condition of DME synthesis model is equivalently set to 80 N/㎥ of syngas which is derived from a coal gasification plant. In the simulation it is assumed that the overall DME synthesis process proceeds with steadystate, vapor-solid reaction with DME catalyst. The physical properties of reactants are governed by Soave-Redlich- Kwong (SRK) EOS in this model. A reaction model of DME synthesis is considered that is applied with the LHHW (Langmuir-Hinshelwood Hougen Watson) equation as an adsorption-desorption model on the surface of the DME catalyst. After adjusting the kinetics of the DME synthesis reaction among reactants with experimental data, the kinetics of the governing reactions inner DME reactor are modified and coupled with the entire DME synthesis reaction. For validating simulation results of the DME synthesis model, the obtained simulation results are compared with experimental results: conversion ratio, DME yield and DME production rate. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed by effects of operating variables such as pressure, temperature of the reactor, void fraction of catalyst and H2/CO ratio of supplied syngas with modified model. According to simulation results, optimum operating conditions of DME reactor are obtained in the range of 265-275℃ and 60 kg/㎠. And DME production rate has a maximum value in the range of 1-1.5 of H2/CO ratio in the syngas composition.

KOGAS DME 공정의 실증 시험을 통한 최적화 기술개발

정종태,조원준,백영순,이창하 한국수소및신에너지학회 2012 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.23 No.5

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a new clean fuel as an environmentally-benign energy resource. DME can be manufactured from various energy sources including natural gas, coal, and biomass. In addition to its environmentally friendly properties, DME has similar characteristics to those of LPG. The aim of this article is to represent the development of new DME process with KOGAS’s own technologies. KOGAS has investigated and developed new innovative DME synthesis process from synthesis gas in gaseous phase fixed bed reactor. DME has been traditionally produced by the dehydration of methanol which is produced from syngas, a product of natural gas reforming. This traditional process is thus called the two-step method of preparing DME. However, DME can also be manufactured directly from syngas (single-step). The single-step method needs only one reactor for the synthesis of DME, instead of two for the two-step process. It can also alleviate the thermodynamic limitations associated with the synthesis of methanol, by converting the produced methanol into DME, thereby potentially enhancing the overall conversion of syngas into DME. KOGAS had launched the 10 ton/day DME demonstration plant project in 2004 at Incheon KOGAS LNG terminal. In the mid of 2008, KOGAS had finished the construction of this plant and has successively finished the demonstration plant operation. And since 2008, we have established the basic design of commercial plant which can produce 3,000 ton/day DME.

보문 : 공정시스템·공정설계·이동현상·화학고정안전·플랜트엔지니어링 ; DME-LPG 순차 혼합시 저장탱크 내의 혼합특성

천석훈 ( Suk Hoon Cheon ),김차환 ( Cha Hwan Kim ),신동우 ( Dong Woo Shin ),김래현 ( Lae Hyun Kim ),이현찬 ( Hyun Chan Lee ),백영순 ( Young Soon Baek ) 한국화학공학회 2012 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.50 No.3

DME 및 LPG 혼합연료에 대한 혼합도 분석 실험을 수행하였다. DME 20 wt%와 LPG(주성분 프로판) 80 wt%를 탱 크에 순차적으로 주입하여 시간 경과에 따라 탱크의 각 측정부에서의 농도를 측정하였다. 먼저 DME가 주입되고 그 후에 프로판이 주입되면서 DME의 일부는 혼합이 되나 일부는 혼합이 되지 않고 밀도차에 의해서 탱크 하부로 가라 앉게 되는 층상화 현상이 발생하였다. 1일 경과 시 약 0.2~0.3 wt%의 증가비율로 두 연료가 혼합되어 완전히 균일하 게 되기까지 약 500시간 이상이 소요되었다. 또한 재순환 펌프를 가동하여 탱크 내 연료를 순환 시킨 후 혼합 연료의 성분을 측정한 실험에서는 DME와 프로판이 균일하게 혼합됨을 확인하였다. To study characteristics of DME and Propane blended fuel in mixing drum as time passed, mixing experiment of two components was performed. After 20 wt% of DME and 80 wt% of Propane were injected into mixing drum sequentially, and the mixture ratio of blended fuel was analyzed at several sampling ports. Consequently, DME and Propane were not easily mixed and DME was sunk to the bottom of the mixing drum by the density difference. The daily rate of DME ingredient increase was 0.2-0.3 wt%, and it took over 500 hours until two of them were mixed uniformly. And after recirculation of blended fuel in mixing drum, DME and Propane were mixed immediately and uniformly.