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19세기초의 향진(鄕賑) - 강소성(江蘇省) 태창주(太倉州)ㆍ진양현(鎭洋縣) 사례를 중심으로 -
한승현 ( Seunghyun Han ) 명청사학회 2016 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.45
This article is a case study of the local relief efforts undertaken by local elites in Taicang Department and Zhenyang County, Jiangsu Province, in the aftermath of the severe floods that swept the area in 1823. The floods forced the Qing court and the local people to take swift relief actions. Although the court implemented government-led relief operations, the efforts had to be supplemented by famine-relief projects funded and supervised by local elites. These locally-led projects included reduced-price sale of grains, disbursement of relief money, mobilizing the poors for work at water-conservancy sites, and more specific measures aiming to save the victims of the flood and poverty. Previous scholarship has shown that active state intervention in famine relief during the 18th century gave way to the prevalence of small-scale relief operations initiated by local elites in the early 19th century. Little attention, however, has been paid to unraveling the specific details of those local operations. By focusing on one specific example of locally-led relief efforts, this article aims to illuminate how each component of the relief operation unfolded and who the donors and managers were. This study demonstrates that local elites, largely composed of local gentry but also including rich commoners and merchants, were active donors in multiple areas of relief activities and that the gentry performed managerial roles in these areas, often assuming more than one managerial positions. Together these findings suggest the significance of civilian donations in public projects and the high public profile these elite managers came to have in this period. In Conclusion, the present study attempts a comparison with another case study of local relief in Baoshan County. This article compares both cases in terms of the roles market towns and their inhabitants played in relief actions, the significance of contributions elicited from pawnshops, and the relations between the selection of managers and their donation amounts.
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서인범(Seo, Inbeom) 역사학회 2016 역사학보 Vol.0 No.230
In Wanli(萬曆) reign, there were 3 major military campaigns (3大征=Bobai Rebellion in NingXia(寧夏), Japanese invasion of Korea, Yang Ying Long(楊應龍) Rebellion) and uncountable natural disasters (flooding and drought) occurred around China. The Wanli Emperor (萬曆帝) gave relief or tax exemptions for people, that suffered from the natural disasters. In the empire’s 27<SUP>th</SUP> year, The emperor had 2 sons born after the other. The empire’s ordered the people to bring 24 million Liang (兩) silver from Taicang warehouse (太倉庫). At that time, the Ming Empire’s total income was only about 4 milion liang silver. But they already spend over 4 milion liang silver in maintaining border military legions. Also, when Empire performed national ceremonies, they had to purchase precious treasure such as goods made from gold or jade and expensive perfumes. They spent 24 million liang silver. This amount of money was about 5 times more than their normal annual income. The Ministry of Revenue, have no way to maintain that amount of budget. Ming Empire had to find a source of income, in order to maintain the excessive budget. They frequently used Juanna system(捐納制). At that time Wanli Emperor used Juanna as a temporary solution, but the Ministry of Revenue thought Juanna was the most effective and best solution for this economic crisis.
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서인범 명청사학회 2011 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.35
After 20th year in the reign of Jiajing (A.D. 1541), when the Mongolian Khan Altan invaded violently the northen boarder of the Ming Dynasty, enormous amount of military provisions were sent to boarder bases from Taicangku (太倉庫 the Taicang storage) which was under the control of Hubu (戶部 the ministry of finance). And also, since the rampant invasion of Japanese pirates by 30th year in the reign of Jiajing (A.D. 1551) the need for more expenses to defend Jiangnan Territory (江南) from the invasion increased. Beside the enlarged demand for military expenses there was another request for more costs; the frequent renovation and decoration of Imperial Palaces which had been constantly done since the early stage of the reign; Gongbu (工部 the ministry of construction), whose job was to manage these construction works, had to secure the supply of budget. One of the solutions for this financial shortage was to conduct more frequently the Juanna system (捐納制), which was invented in the previous dynasty. At first, the Emperor Jiajing thought negatively of the system since the system procures money by selling the title of nobility; he, however, had to adopt the system to overcome the financial deficiency. It is possible to confirm the fact that people who paid money for the title were directly appointed to positions which had ranks from vice 9th to principal 6th grade during the reign of Jiajing. And people from Junhu (軍戶 a military household), an object of the system, was given the post of a reserve civil official on principal 5th rank. Even Wusheng (武生 a military cadet) from a military official's family could enter the national academic institution titled Guozijian (国子監). The amount of contribution was almost identical with Shengyuan (生員 a person who passed the lower civil examination) from Minhu (民戶 a civil household). Before the reign of Jiajing, a hereditary right for the title was limited to one's grandsons, relatives, the person himself, or whole descendants. There was a preferential policy which enables military officials, who was deployed out from his original post, to return to the original one by paying some silver to the government. Different from a commissioned officer who was receiving privileged treatment from the government, a noncommissioned officer, such as Xiaoqi (小旗)․ Zongqi (總旗) has to take a military examination for promotion. If any noncommissioned officer passes 10 years without taking the examination or exceeds the age limit of 30, he would be degraded to an enlisted man and deployed to a boarder base. He has to distinguish himself in battles or pass the examination 5 years later to return to his original position. To avoid such a difficult process, they rather choose to pay some money to the government. And by the contribution, they could get the title of a military official and the title was descendible. The government could raise a considerable amount of fund by the Juanna system. There was no certain usage of the raised fund, but it is still possible to estimate approximately its scale by various relevant records. If one can say the silver stored in Taicangku which was under the control of Hubu was two million liang (兩), the silver gathered by the system was over quarter of the whole tax revenues of Taicangku. Thus it is possible to say that the Juanna system was responsible for a large part of a total budget of the Ming Dynasty.
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