Effects of Lignocellulose-derived Inhibitors on Growth and Succinic Acid Accumulation by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Hong-Tao Xu,Chen Wang,Zhi-Hui Zhou,Zhong-Jun Chen,Heng Cai 한국생물공학회 2015 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.20 No.4

Succinic acid production by genetically engineered C. glutamicum from lignocellulosic biomass requires the hydrolysis of carbohydrate polymers into fermentable syrup. A variety of toxic compounds are produced such as aldehydes and organic acids, while the hydrolysis of hemicellulose with dilute acid. In this study, we have investigated the toxicity of representative aldehydes (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, syringaldehyde, and vanillin) and organic acids (ferulic, 4-hydroxybenzic, vanillic, protocatechuic acid) on growth and succinic acid accumulation of C. glutamicum NC-1. In the presence of various inhibitors of growth experiment, furfural, 5- hydroxymethylfurfural appeared less toxic to growth of C. glutamicum NC-1, syringaldehyde almost completely inhibitor growth of C. glutamicum NC-1, vanillin has inhibited the growth of 67%, of organic acids, only ferulic appeared toxic to growth of C. glutamicum NC-1. Of succinic acid accumulation experiment under oxygen deprivation, all the organic acids compounds showed little inhibition on the glocuse consumption and succinic acid accumulation of C. glutamicum NC-1, but furfural, 5- hydroxymethylfurfural and vanillic have decreased the production of succinic acid. In addition, the actual inhibitor mixtures from the acid hydrolysate of corn cobs have reduced the accumulation of succinic acid. Across further research showed, a reason of succinic acid yield decrease was the malic enzyme activity was inhibited.

염색 과정에서의 succinic acid와 tartaric acid 후처리가 모발에 미치는 영향

정의정,이상현 중소기업융합학회 2021 융합정보논문지 Vol.11 No.12

In this work, the post-treatment using organic acids during hair dyeing process was used to maintain hair color and to decrease hair damage. The effect of post-treatment using succinic acid and tartaric acid during hair dyeing process with cherry red and blue silver color on the persistence of hair color, tensile strength of hair, hair porosity, and surface characteristics of hair was investigated. After the repeated shampooing process, the experimental group with succinic acid and tartaric acid could more efficiently maintain the hair color than control group. The experimental group with succinic acid and tartaric acid could also increase the tensile strength of hair, decrease the hair porosity, and smoothen the hair surface, compared with control group. Particularly, tartaric acid was able to maintain the color of the dyed hair and protect the hair with higher efficiency than succinic acid. 본 연구는 염색 과정에 유기산을 이용한 후처리를 적용하여 염색의 지속성을 높이고 모발의 손상을 억제하고자 하였다. 체리레드와 블루실버 색상으로 탈색모를 염색하는 과정에 succinic acid와 tartaric acid를 이용하여 후처리 하고 염색된 모발의 색 지속성, 인장강도, 기공, 표면 특성을 알아보았다. 반복적인 샴푸 세척을 진행한 후 모발의 색상변화를 측정한 결과 succinic acid와 tartaric acid 실험군은 대조군 보다 효율적으로 모발의 색상을 유지할 수 있었다. 염색 후 모발의 손상도를 측정한 결과, succinic acid와 tartaric acid 실험군은 대조군 보다 높은 인장강도, 낮은 기공도, 매끄러운 표면 특성을 나타내어 모발 보호 효과를 나타냈다. 특히, tartaric acid는 succinic acid 보다 높은 효율로 염색모의 색을 지속시키고, 모발을 보호할 수 있었다.

간 독성에 대한 보석 호박 호박산의 간 보호 효과

김홍비(Hong-Bi Kim),하배진(Bae-Jin Ha) 한국생명과학회 2017 생명과학회지 Vol.27 No.8

본 연구는 CCl₄로 간 손상이 유도된 흰 쥐에서 호박산의 간 보호 효과 정도를 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험을 하기 위해 정상군(NOR), CCl₄처리군(CON), 보석호박섭취군(PCON-CS)군으로 나누어 1주일 적응기간을 가진 SD계 흰 쥐에 보석호박산을 일정한 시간에 200 mg/kg으로 3주간 투여하였다. 21일째 되는 날 마지막 투여 5시간 후에 정상군을 제외한 다른 그룹의 쥐에게 CCl₄를 복강주사 하였다. 보석호박섭취군은 CCl₄처리군에 비해 AST, ALT 활성은 93.20%, 88.76% 각각 억제효과를 보였고 MDA는 CCl4처리군에 비해 85.17% 억제효과를 보였다. 보석호박섭취군의 SOD와 CAT는 CCl₄처리군에 비해 38.65%, 47.99% 증가효과를 보였다, 결론적으로 AST, ALT 활성도와 MDA 수치는 보석호박섭취군이 CCl₄처리군에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하여 정상군과 비슷한 수치를 나타내었고 SOD와 CAT효소 활성은 보석호박섭취군이 CCl₄처리군에 비하여 증가하였다. 또한 조직학적 관찰은 사염화탄소로 유도된 간경변과 세포괴사가 호박산에 의해 예방된 것으로 나타났다. 이 데이터들로 확인해보면 CCl₄로 유도된 간 독성을 호박산이 간을 보호하는 결과를 나타냈으며, 이는 호박산이 간 손상에 대한 보호 효과를 가진 약물의 소재개발에 이용 될 수 있다고 본다. This study was performed to investigate the protective effects of succinic acid of Succiniter against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. After an adaptation period of one week, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered succinic acid of Succiniter at 200 mg/kg every day for 21 days. Then CCl₄ (3.3 ml/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats of the other groups except the normal group, five hours after the last treatment of succinic acid of Succiniter on day 21. The succinic acid-treated group showed 93.20% and 88.76% of inhibitory effects in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, respectively, compared with the CCl₄-treated group. The succinic acid-treated group showed inhibition of malonedialdehyde (MDA) by 85.17% compared with the CCl₄-treated group. The succinic acid-treated group in liver homogenate promoted effects of 38.65% and 47.99% in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), respectively, compared with the CCl₄-treated group. In conclusion, the AST and ALT activities of the succinic acid-treated group were both decreased compared with the CCl₄-treated group. The MDA level of the succinic acid-treated group was decreased compared with the CCl₄-treated group. However, the SOD and CAT levels of the succinic acid-treated group in liver homogenate were both increased compared with the CCl₄-treated group. Also, histological examinations showed that the liver cell necrosis and centrilobular congestion aggregation induced by CCl₄ were clearly eliminated by treatment with succinic acid of Succiniter. These results suggest that succinic acid of Succiniter has a protective effect against liver damage and could be used in the development of the appropriate drug.

숙신산 추출반응이 일어나는 단일 액적계에서의 비정상상태 물질 전달

전상준 ( Sang Jun Jeon ),홍원희 ( Won Hi Hong ) 한국화학공학회 2012 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.50 No.6

단일 액적 시스템에서의 비정상상태 물질 전달에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 단일 액적계를 위한 이성분계로는 옥탄 올(연속상)-물(분산상) 시스템이 이용되었으며 동반되는 불균일 반응으로는 아민추출제(tri-n-octylamine,TOA)를 이용 한 숙신산 추출 반응을 모델 시스템으로 선정하였다. 점도, 밀도, 용질의 분배계수, 연속상에서 하강하는 액적의 종말 속도, 용질과 추출제의 확산계수 등과 같은 시스템의 기본 특성을 파악하기 위한 실험과 이론적 계산들이 수행되었다. 액 적의 종말 속도는 숙신산 농도에는 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 보이나 TOA가 없을 때는 숙신산 농도에 따라 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였고, TOA 농도 증가와 함께 감소하였다. 액적의 낙하는 수직 낙하 경로를 기준으로 좌우로 진동 하면서 움직이는 경향을 보였다. 낙하하는 액적에서의 물질 전달 관찰을 위해 물질 전달 셀을 제작하여 시간에 따른 액적 내의 평균 농도 변화를 관찰하였고, 그 결과를 무차원 변수를 이용하여 해석하였다. 50 g/L의 숙신산 농도 조건 하에서 TOA 농도를 0.1과 0.5mol/kg으로 조절하였을 때, 전자의 경우에는 관찰 시간 범위 내에서 일정한 Sh 값을 유지하여 용질의 이동 방향으로의 농도 기울기가 감소함에 따라 훌럭스도 그에 비례하여 감소함을 알 수 있었지만, 후 자의 경우에는 시간의 경과와 함께 Sh가 급격히 증가하는 현상을 보여 계면에서의 숙신산 훌럭스 감소에 비해 농도기 울기 감소가 상대적으로 빠르게 일어남을 알 수 있다. The transient mass transfer in a single droplet system consisting of 1-octanol (continuous phase)/aqueous succinic acid solution (dispersed phase) was investigated in the presence of chemical reaction, which is acid/anion exchange reaction of succinic acid and tri-n-octylamine (TOA). This succinic acid extraction by TOA can be considered to occur at the interface between organic and aqueous phase, that is, heterogeneous reaction system. The basic properties of the system such as viscosity, density, distribution coefficient, terminal velocity of droplet, and diffusion coefficient were measured experimentally or calculated theoretically, and used for theoretical calculation of characteristic parameters of mass transfer later. The effects of succinic acid concentration on the terminal velocity was negligible in the existence of TOA, although the terminal velocity increases with succinic acid concentration in the absence of TOA, On the contrary, the terminal velocity decreases with TOA concentration, While droplets falls through organic phase, the trajectory of droplets is observed to oscillate around its vertical path. A mass trnasfer cell was prepared to monitor the mass transfer behavior in a single droplet and used to measure the mean concentration of succinic acid inside droplet. The results are expressed with dimensionless parameters. Under 50 g/L succinic acid condition, the system with 0.1 mol/ kg TOA showed that the molar flux decreases in proportion to the decrease of concentration gradient, while in the case of 0.5 mol/kg TOA Sh increases rapidly with time indicating the molar flux of succinic acid decreases relatively slowly compared to the decrease in concentration gradient.

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to g-butyrolactone (GBL) over palladium catalyst supported on alumina xerogel: Effect of acid density of the catalyst

Ung Gi Hong,송인규,Sunhwan Hwang,Jeong Gil Seo,Joongwon Lee 한국공업화학회 2011 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.17 No.2

Mesoporous alumina xerogel (AX) supports prepared by a sol–gel method were calcined at various temperatures to control their acid property. Palladium catalysts supported on mesoporous alumina xerogel (Pd/AX) were then prepared by an impregnation method. The Pd/AX catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, and H2 chemisorption analyses. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to g-butyrolactone (GBL) over Pd/AX catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor. The effect of acid property of Pd/AX catalyst on the catalytic performance was examined. In the hydrogenation of succinic acid, conversion of succinic acid and yield for GBL showed volcano-shaped curves with respect to calcination temperature of AX support. Selectivity for succinic anhydride (an intermediate product formed by acid catalysis) increased with increasing acid density of Pd/AX catalyst. Correlations between acid density of Pd/AX catalyst and catalytic performance also revealed that conversion of succinic acid and yield for GBL increased with increasing acid density of Pd/AX catalyst. Thus, acid density served as an important factor determining the catalytic performance of Pd/AX in the hydrogenation of succinic acid.

염색 후 유기산이 염색 유지력에 미치는 영향-Succinic acid와 tartaric acid 중심으로

정의정,허정록 국제보건미용학회 2022 국제보건미용학회지 Vol.16 No.2

With the diversification and popularity of hair dyes, the alkali ingredient in hair dyes has caused hair damage, having a negative impact on hair color retention. According to studies on organic acid perms, organic acid inhibited alkali activity and reduced hair damage, enhancing wave formation and durability. Based on such results, this study attempted to investigate the influence of organic acids such as succinic acid and tartaric acid on color retention after dyeing by applying them as post treatment. The alkali substance in hair dyes accelerates their absorption into hair, but its residue can also cause hair damage. Since the dyes absorbed into hair cortex are easily leaked out, organic acids were used as post treatment, and the results found the followings: First, after coloring the bleached hair cherry red and blue silver, it was post-treated with succinic acid and tartaric acid. When changes in hair color were measured through repetitive shampooing, the experimental group (succinic acid/tartaric acid group) was better than a control group in terms of hair dye retention. Second, in terms of hair damage after hair dyeing, the experimental group was lower than a control group with high tensile strength, narrow pores and smooth hair texture. In other words, the post treatments ‘succinic acid’ and ‘tartaric acid’ prevented protein extraction by inhibiting hair swelling after neutralizing alkali on the hair. In other words, organic acids reduce hair damage and have a positive effect on hair color retention. The above results confirm that the development of post-dye treatments using organic acids reveal a positive influence on hair.

Systems Approaches to Succinic Acid-producing Microorganisms

Hong, Soon-Ho Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineerin 2007 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.12 No.2

Succinic acid is a cellular metabolite belonging to the C4-dicarboxylic acid family, and the fermentative production of succinic acid via the use of recombinant microorganisms has recently become the focus of an increasing amount of attention. Considering the difficulty inherent to the direct application of natural succinic acid producers to the industrial process, a variety of systems biology studies have been conducted regarding the development of enhanced succinic acid production systems. This review shows how the metabolic processes of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli and Mannheimia succiniciproducens, have been optimized in order to achieve enhanced succinic acid production. First, their metabolic networks were constructed on the basis of complete genome sequences, after which their metabolic characteristics were estimated via in silica computer modeling. Metabolic engineering strategies were designed in accordance with the results of in silica modeling, and metabolically engineered versions of both E. coli and M. succiniciproducens have been constructed. The succinic acid productivity and yield obtained using metabolically engineered bacteria was significantly higher than that obtained using wild-type bacteria.

Dynamics of membrane fatty acid composition of succinic acid-producing <i>Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens</i>

Hwang, Hee Jin,Choi, Seung Phill,Lee, Sang Yup,Choi, Joing-il,Han, Se Jong,Lee, Pyung Cheon Elsevier 2015 Journal of biotechnology Vol.193 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The dynamics of the membrane fatty acid composition of a succinic acid-producing bacterium, <I>Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens</I>, was studied using continuous and batch cultures. In both batch and chemostat continuous culture conditions, <I>A. succiniciproducens</I> grown on glucose or glycerol responded to acid stress by lowering the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Notably, <I>A. succiniciproducens</I> elongated C16:0 (SFA) and converted it to C18:1 (UFA) in the pH-uncontrolled culture, which is a common bacterial adaptation strategy to combat acid stress. Interestingly, <I>A. succiniciproducens</I> did not exhibit a significant increase in cyclic FA content, which is another common strategy to cope with acidic conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Fatty acid change of succinic acid-producing <I>A. succiniciproducens</I> was studied. </LI> <LI> The cells responded to acid stress by lowering saturated fatty acid content. </LI> <LI> The cells responded to acid stress by increasing unsaturated fatty acid content. </LI> <LI> The cells did not increase cyclic FA content in response to acid stress. </LI> </UL> </P>

Influence of biopolymers on the solubility of branched-chain amino acids and stability of their solutions

Hong, Chi Rac,Lee, Gyu Whan,Paik, Hyun-Dong,Chang, Pahn-Shick,Choi, Seung Jun Elsevier 2018 Food chemistry Vol.239 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study confirmed the possibility of biopolymer-type stabilizers to increase the saturation concentration of branched-chain amino acids by preventing their crystallization/precipitation. Although microfluidization increased the initial solubility, it failed to increase the saturation concentration of the branched-chain amino acids. The saturation concentration of the branched-chain amino acids increased from 3.81% to 4.42% and 4.85% after the incorporation of food hydrocolloids and proteins, respectively. However, the branched-chain amino acids:stabilizer ratio did not affect the solubility. In the case of food hydrocolloid-based solutions, crystal formation and growth of branched-chain amino acids occurred during storage, resulting in the precipitation of branched-chain amino acid crystals. However, food proteins effectively increased the stability of the solubilized branched-chain amino acids. The improved solubility and stability of the solubilized branched-chain amino acids could be attributed to interactions between the functional groups (carboxyl, amine, sulfate, aliphatic, aromatic, etc.) of the stabilizer and the branched-chain amino acid molecules.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Microfluidization increased the initial solubility of branched-chain amino acids. </LI> <LI> Stabilizer increased the saturation concentration of branched-chain amino acids. </LI> <LI> Stabilizer type was a main factor to affect the stability of amino acid solutions. </LI> <LI> Amino acid:stabilizer ratio did not affect the BCAA solubility. </LI> <LI> The solution stability was not affected by amino acid:stabilizer ratio. </LI> </UL> </P>

The Effect of Protectants and pH Changes on the Cellular Growth and Succinic Acid Yield of Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7

( Young Hoon Oh ),( In Jae Oh ),( Chang Kyou Jung ),( Sang Yup Lee ),( Jin Won Lee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2010 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.20 No.12

The harmful effects of succinic acid and oxidative stress on cell growth were determined during batch fermentation with Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7, a powerful succinic acid-producing strain, and conditions were optimized to minimize these effects. In terms of toxicity, the cell concentration decreased as the concentration of succinic acid increased. By changing the pH from 6.5 to 7 during fermentation, the cell concentration increased by about 10%, and the level of succinic acid production was 6% higher than that of the control. In addition, by introducing protectants, the cell concentration increased by about 10%, and the level of succinic acid produced was increased by 3%.