EFFECT OF AMBIENT AND TYRE TEMPERATURE ON TRUCK TYRE ROLLING RESISTANCE

Jukka Hyttinen,Matthias Ussner,Rickard Österlöf,Jenny Jerrelind,Lars Drugge 한국자동차공학회 2022 International journal of automotive technology Vol.23 No.6

Rolling resistance is consuming a large portion of the generated powertrain torque and thus have a substantial effect on truck energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. EU labelling of tyres mandates the manufacturers to measure rolling resistance at +25 °C ambient temperature after stabilised rolling resistance has been established. This is a convenient way of comparing rolling resistance but disregards aspects such as transient rolling resistance and influence of the ambient temperature. For many purposes, such as dimensioning batteries for electric vehicles, this value is not representative enough to give a good understanding of the rolling resistance. In this article, the rolling resistance of a truck tyre was measured at different ambient temperatures (-30 to +25 °C) in a climate wind tunnel and a considerable tyre and ambient temperature dependency on rolling resistance was found. The investigation shows that the temperature inside the tyre shoulder has a good correlation with rolling resistance. Measurements with spraying water on tyres were conducted showing a considerable increase in rolling resistance due to higher cooling effect. Driving range simulations of a long haulage battery-electric truck have been conducted with temperature-dependent rolling and aerodynamic resistance, showing a significant decrease in driving range at decreasing temperature.

INFLUENCE OF LOAD AND INFLATION PRESSURE ON THE TYRE ROLLING RESISTANCE

J. EJSMONT,S. TARYMA,G. RONOWSKI,B. SWIECZKO-ZUREK 한국자동차공학회 2016 International journal of automotive technology Vol.17 No.2

Tyre load and inflation pressure are important factors controlling rolling resistance of road vehicles. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdańsk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that while an increase of load always leads to the increase of rolling resistance force, the influence on Coefficient of Rolling Resistance is more complicated and unpredictable. They also indicate that tyres with high rolling resistance are more sensitive to inflation pressure changes than low rolling resistance tyres.

정상상태 회전 해석기법을 이용한 타이어 회전저항 예측 기법 개발

김성래(Seongrae Kim),이경민(Kyungmin Lee),송병철(Byoungcheol Song),성기득(Kideug Sung) 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2010 No.11

Recently, we can not help considering environment-related performance during product developing process because environmental problem is biggest issue in most industrial field. So, automobile industry is making effort to meet enforced fuel efficiency standard of EU and NHTSA. It is well known that tires account for 4~7% of vehicle’s fuel efficiency. Rolling resistance caused rubber compound’s viscoelasticity characteristics is directly related with fuel efficiency among tire’s performances. To reduce rolling resistance, design examination for various contour and structure is needed through the estimation of rolling resistance. Finite element method is used a lot as a estimation method of rolling resistance, but most methods do not get quantitative result or need more calculating procedure because they use a theoretical or empirical formulation by inserting stress/strain values through the F.E.Analysis. In this study, we developed a rolling resistance estimation method of a tire applied rubber’s viscoelasticity. Steady-state rolling analysis method for a F.E.A., and prony series for viscoelasticity model was used. We investigated the correlation between rolling resistance and tire’s structural design variables, and verified accuracy of estimation method through comparing between test and F.E.Analysis.

The Change in Rolling Resistance of Bearing Surgaces Coated by a Soft Metallic Film

Kong, Hosung,Yoon, Eui-Sung,Yoon, Eui-Sung ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYUNGPOOK 1998 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HIGH PERFORMANCE OF TRI Vol.1998 No.-

An experimental study was performed to discover the effect of a soft metallic film on the behavior of rolling resistance. Pure silver was coated on AII 52100 bearing steel by a thermal evaporation method, where the coating thickness ranged from 100 nm to 20,000 nm. A thrust ball bearing-typed test rig was used and the rolling resistance was measured with the contact cycles under various environmental conditions such as ambient air, vacuum, dry air and controlled humidity conditions. In order to find out the changes occurred at the contact surfaces, analyses were performed by using SEM and EPMA. Results showed that minimum rolling resistance was rather obtained after the initial coating failure where the fluctuation of rolling resistance ceased to remain stable. The rease of rolling resistance was resulted mainly from shakedown phenomena occurred at the contact patches which were agglomerated by transferred coating films. It was also found that rolling resistance was strongly affected by environmental conditions. Results suggested that humidity is related closely to the agglomeration of particles which affects the rolling resistance.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TYRE ROLLING RESISTANCE

Jerzy Ejsmont,Stanislaw Taryma,Grzegorz Ronowski,Beata Swieczko-Zurek 한국자동차공학회 2018 International journal of automotive technology Vol.19 No.1

Temperature is a very important factor controlling rolling resistance of road vehicle tyres. There are at least three different temperatures that may be considered as important factors controlling thermal conditions of the rolling tyre. The most common measure of the thermal conditions during tyre rolling is ambient air temperature. The other two are: pavement temperature and “tyre” temperature. Tyre temperature is the most difficult to establish, as temperatures of different parts of rolling tyres differ considerably, thus there is a problem to obtain representative values. In the authors’ opinion, air temperature is the most universal and reliable parameter to measure. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdańsk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that generally each tyre and pavement combination is influenced by the air temperature in a unique way, but at the same it is possible to propose some general influence factors that may be used to normalize measurements to the standard temperature of 25 °C.

Study on added resistance of a ship under parametric roll motion

Lee, J.H.,Kim, Y. Pergamon Press 2017 Ocean engineering Vol.144 No.-

Parametric roll of ship is a rare event occurring in specific conditions, but it can cause the dynamic roll instability. Since this phenomenon is dependent on ship speed and wave frequency, the development of roll motion and the resultant added resistance which can cause speed change should be considered simultaneously when parametric roll occurs. This paper considers a numerical study on the added resistance of a modern containership under parametric roll. A time-domain Rankine panel method adopting a weakly nonlinear formulation is adopted to obtain ship motions and added resistances in waves. Seakeeping computations in regular head-sea conditions are performed with and without parametric roll, and the increment of added resistance is investigated with regard to the components classified in the direct pressure integration method. Furthermore, according to the decoupling phenomena between the components of the vertical motions and the roll motion, a correlation between the parametric roll and the added resistance is derived. Lastly, a simple prediction method for the added resistance in irregular parametric roll motion is suggested based on the correlation, and its accuracy and efficiency are discussed by comparing the prediction with the results of the direct numerical computation.

TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON TIRE ROLLING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS QUALITY

Jerzy Ejsmont,Grzegorz Ronowski,Wojciech Owczarzak,Slawomir Sommer 한국자동차공학회 2022 International journal of automotive technology Vol.23 No.1

Global warming makes it necessary to reduce energy consumption, which in the case of motor vehicles, is connected, among other things, with reduction of resistive forces acting on a vehicle during its motion. One of the most important components of those forces is rolling resistance, which is very difficult to measure, especially in road conditions. The article deals with issues related to the influence of the thermal state of the tire on the accuracy of the results of rolling resistance measurements, especially for “on the road” tests. This is an important issue because currently road measurements of rolling resistance, unlike laboratory tests, are not covered by any standard indicating the correct measuring procedures and data analysis. The influence of temperature on the tire rolling resistance for passenger car and truck tires is presented, and it is determined what conditions must be met for the thermal state of the tire to ascertain a reliable measurement of the rolling resistance.

High performance elastomer composites containing ultra high cis polybutadiene with high abrasion and low rolling resistances

Kwag, Gwanghoon,Kim, Pillsung,Han, Shin,Lee, Seunghwon,Choi, Hyungkyu,Kim, Sunghyun Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2007 Journal of applied polymer science Vol.105 No.2

<P>A series of rubber composites with ultra high cis polybutadiene (UBR), NUC1–3, SBC1–4, SUS1–4, was prepared, and their vulcanized properties were measured and analyzed. The ultra high cis polybutadiene was prepared with the monomeric neodymium catalyst, Nd(neodecanoate)<SUB>3</SUB>·(neodecanoic acid). NUC composites were composed of natural rubber, ultra high cis polybutadiene, and carbon black. In the composite of a low carbon black content (NUC1, 45 phr), a high abrasion-resistance and a significantly low rolling resistance (tan δ<SUB>60°C</SUB>, 0.04) were obtained. According to the AFM study of NUC composites, abrasion resistance was closely related with surface morphology. In the SUS composites prepared with SSBR (solution styrene–butadiene copolymer), UBR, and silica, as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased, Δcure torque (M<SUB>H</SUB>–M<SUB>L</SUB>) increased with fast cure kinetics. SUS4 showed high elongation and tensile strength with excellent abrasion resistance. Rolling resistance was improved as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased. The SBC composites were prepared with SBR (emulsion styrene–butadiene copolymer), ultra high cis polybutadiene (or high cis polybutadiene), and carbon black. It is remarked that abrasion resistance and Δtan δ (tan δ <SUB>60°C</SUB> − tan δ<SUB>0°C</SUB>) are increased with ultra high cis polybutadiene. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007</P>

냉연 압연공정에서 스트립의 변형저항 평가

변상민(Sang-Min Byon),강정호(Jung-Ho Kang),김중완(Joong-Wan Kim),전언찬(Eon-Chan Jeon) 한국기계가공학회 2007 한국기계가공학회 춘추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

In this paper we present an experimental procedure for evaluating the deformation resistance of cold rolled strip. The deformation resistance is the plane strain yield stress at a pass during rolling. It is crucial parameter in calculating roll force. The procedure has several steps to cut out some part of the actual strip and make specimens following slitting and rolling it and finally perform a series of tensile test. The present approach is applied to a reversible mill for cold rolling. A good agreement is noted between the experimentally predicted results and the gathering data from actual mill.

타이어 구름 저항 측정 방법 간 최적화된 추정 방법 연구 및 적용

서정인(Jeongin Seo),서명규(Myoungkyu Seo),염기호(Kiho Yum),장영석(Youngseok Jang),이기연(Ghiyoun Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2023 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2023 No.11

To measure tire rolling resistance, majority of the industry uses two methods, ISO 28580 and SAE J1269. Differences of test procedures between them result in tradeoffs in measurement time and coverage. ISO 28580 requires 2 hours per tire measurement and it only can represent resistance under limited driving condition. on the other hands SAE J1269 requires 4 hours per tire but can represent resistances under various axial loads and pressures. Thus there has been a requirement to estimate various resistances by using simpler resistances. This study describes an optimized method to estimate tire resistance measured on SAE J1269 by using tire resistance measured on ISO 28580. This paper suggests building linear regression models between ISO 28580 and SAE J1269 on several areas separated by axial loads and tire pressures. The suggested method showed R2 of 0.9 and mean absolute error of 0.1.