『관자(管子)』의 철학사상 연구

장승구 ( Seung Koo Jang ) 한국철학사연구회 2015 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.45

『관자(管子)』는 춘추시대 명재상 관중의 언행과 사적을 토대로 하여 전국시대 제나라 직하학궁의 관중학파 학자들의 저작을 중심으로 구성되었다. 『관자』는 부국강병을 이념으로 정치·행정·법·경제 등 경세와 관련된 내용이 많지만 철학적 내용도 풍부하다. 『관자』에서 도는 만물을 이루는 근본적 요소이면서 만물을 규정하는 원리이다. 도는 형상이 없으므로 감각적으로 파악할 수도 없고 언어로 충분히설명할 수도 없다. 도는 무형성, 편재성, 불변성, 무위성을 특성으로 한다. 「심술상」에 의하면 도를 인식하기 위해서는 먼저 마음이 안정되고 다스려져야 한다. 이를 위해서는 수양이 필요하다. 안으로 고요하고 밖으로 공경을 유지하면[內靜外敬] 본성을 회복할 수 있다고 한다. 『관자』는 이익을 추구 하고 생존·안전·안락·부귀를 원하는 인간 본성을 긍정하며 이러한 본성 의 기초 위에 정치사상을 전개하고 있다. 윤리사상에서는 네 가지 덕목으로 ‘예·의·염·치’를 중시하며, 중과 겸허의 덕을 강조한다. 군주는 법치의 확립을 위해 무엇보다 신뢰를 지키고 공정성을 유지해야 한다고 주장한다. 천하의 세상을 다스리고 만사를 판단 하는 기준은 법이라고 인식한다. 군주가 법을 잘 집행하기 위해서는 권세를 지니고 술수를 겸해야 한다. 그러나 법 이외에도 도덕과 예의의 중요성에 대해서도 일정하게 인정하여 예법병용(禮法幷用)의 입장을 취하고, 법의 근거를 도에서 구하는 도법결합(道法結合)의 특성을 보여준다. 『관자』의 철학은 현실의 실용적 목적을 위해 도가의 도, 유가의 예의, 법가의 법을 아우르는 융합적 특성을 잘 보여주고 있다. 관자의 철학은 직하학궁에서 연구하였던 순자의 사상에도 큰 영향을 주었으며, 유가와 도가 중심의 중국철학사에서 제3의 대안적 사상으로서 중요한 가치를 지니고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the philosophical thought in Guanzi. The authorship of Guanzi is unknown. According to recent research, some parts of Guanzi are regarded as the records of Guanzi`s words, deeds, and policy, while other parts are collections of essays written by scholars who respected Guanzi in Chi-hsia Academy in the Warring States period. In Guanzi, the Way is the most fundamental substance as well as the principle. The Way is intimately related to ch`i. According to Guanzi , it is necessary to obey the Way in order for human being to succeed. In ethics, the virtues of propriety, righteousness, integrity and honor are four social ropes to maintain national system. In Guanzi, ethics is approached from the perspective of social order and national development. The concept of mind is compared to the position of prince in the nation. The mind is to be cultivated to rule well the functions of body organs. In the cultivation of mind, the attitude of innner qing (靜) and outer gyung(敬) is required. In the theory of human nature, Guanzi perceives human nature as being pursing self interest. With regard to governance, it is most important to establish legal system. Under impartial legal system, the nation could be prospered and the people could be benefited. In conclusion, the philosophical characteristic of Guanzi is the combination of the Way, morality, rituals and the law. Through the harmony of these thoughts, Guanzi pursued to construct the rich and powerful country.

中国民族自治地方自治法规司法适用探析

고함지(Gao-HanZhi)(高晗,之),장뢰(Zhang-Lei)(张,磊) 명지대학교 법학연구소 2021 명지법학 Vol.20 No.1

自治法规作为中国特色社会主义法律体系中的重要组成部分,可以为民族自治地方的法律纠纷提供说理和裁判依据。通过梳理援引自治法规的裁判文书,自治法规已进入民族自治地方的司法实践。自治法规的司法适用是检验自治法规实用性的重要指标。据统计近年来多个裁判文书展现出自治法规在适用过程中自治法规司法适用依据不明确,自治法规与地方性法规的界定不清晰等问题。 本文以裁判文书为切入点,从四个部分进行了研究。在第一部分,分析了中国民族自治地方自治法规的立法现状,对自治法规的立法依据和立法现状进行了总结。在第二部分,梳理了自治法规司法适用的法律依据和适用对象,分析了自治法规的法律位阶。在第三部分,以裁判文书网中出现自治州自治法规的法律文书作为分析对象,探讨了司法实践中自治法规的适用现状。在最后一部分中,通过分析自治法规司法适用过程中出现的问题,提出相应的完善路径。本文通过分析自治法规司法适用的现状,以期完善自治法规的适用路径,加强自治法规的实用性。 중국에 있어서 자치지역의 법규는 중국특색의 사회주의 법체계의 중요한 구성부분으로서 민족자치지역의 법률분쟁에 대한 재판의 근거와 이유가 되고 있다. 그리고 자치법규를 인용한 재판문서는 사법의 실무에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하게 될 뿐만 아니라 자치법규의 실용성을 검증하는 중요한 증거가 되고 있다. 근래의 통계에 의하면 많은 수량의 재판문서가 자치법규의 적용에 있어서 근거가 명확하지 않는 점, 자치법규와 지방법규의구별이 분명하지 않다는 등 점이 나타나고 있다. 본문은 이러한 점에 초점을 두면서 다음의 내용에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 첫째는 중국민족자치지역의 자치법규의 현황을 분석하여 그 자치법규의 입법적 근거를 살펴볼 것이다. 둘째는 사법에서 자치법규의 적용과 그 적용의 대상을 구분해보고 자치법규의 법 체계적 지위를 논의 할 것이다. 셋째는 재판문서에 자치지역의 자치법규가 어느 정도 적용이 되는가를 통계 및 분석해 볼 것이며, 끝으로 사법을 통하여 자치법규에 내제하고 있는 문제점을 지적하여 보완의 대책을 제시하고자 한다. 그리하여 궁극적으로는 자치법규가 사법의 적용에 있어서 순조로울 뿐만 아니라 그 실용성을 강화하는데 한 몫 할 것을 기대하는 바이다. As an important part of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, reason for reasoning and judgment can be provided by autonomous laws and regulations for legal disputes in ethnic autonomous areas. As the judgment instruments invoking autonomous statutes are combed, autonomous laws and regulations have entered the judicial practice of national autonomous areas. For the judicial application of autonomous laws and regulations, it is an important index to test the practicability of autonomous laws and regulations. There are 366 judicial documents that have showed the application basis of autonomous laws and regulations being not clear and the definition of autonomous regulations and local regulations being unclear in the process of application. In the paper, taking the judgment documents as the cutting point, it s to make a study from four parts. In the first part, the current legislative status of Chinese Regulations on National Autonomous Areas is made an analysis, and it s to make a summary of the legislative basis and legislative status of autonomous regulations. In the second part, the legal basis and applicable objects of the judicial application of autonomous laws and regulations are combed, and the legal rank of autonomous statutes is analyzed. In the third part, taking the legal documents of the autonomous laws and regulations of autonomous states in the judgment documents network as the object of analysis, the application status of autonomous laws and regulations in judicial practice is discussed. In the last part, the corresponding perfect path is proposed by analyzing the problems arising in the judicial application of self - governing regulations. In the paper, it s hoped to improve the application path of autonomous laws and regulations, and to strengthen the practicability of autonomous laws and regulations by making an analysis of the current status of the judicial application of autonomous laws and regulations.

论公平责任司法适用的限度 - 以中国≪侵权责任法≫第24条规定为切入点

朱福勇,罗富云 동아대학교 법학연구소 2019 國際去來와 法 Vol.- No.24

Because there are some misunderstanding about the logical starting point to the fair liability, it lack of self-consistency between general provisions of fair liability and special provisions, The expression of the tort liability law article 24 is high abstract and general ,and lack of operational rules, which lead to applicable conditions of fair liability in judicial practice undefined, and the unlimited expansion of the applicable scope, and even abuse the fair liability, which are substantial influence on the individual justice. therefore, to resolve the above problems, we need to build a tort liability loss-sharing system model, pinpoint placement about function of fair liability, refine applicable conditions about fair liability of the general terms, to enhance the operability of the fair liability, the legal behavior - fair liability applicable - produces compensation obligations - breach obligation of the statutory compensation -liability- compensation ,which is shaping logical path, legitimacy and rationality of Judicial application about fair liability is proved by Internal justification and external justification, which enhance the acceptability of the results. 由于对公平责任逻辑起点的误读、公平责任一般条款规定和特殊条款规 定缺乏自洽性,以及≪侵权责任法≫第24条高度、抽象的概括且缺乏可操 作的规定,导致司法实践中公平责任的适用条件不明、适用范围无限扩 张,甚至是公平责任的滥用等乱象,对个案公正和司法权威带来实质性影 响。是故,消解上述问题,需要构建侵权责任损失分担体系模型,准确定 位公平责任功能,进一步细化公平责任一般条款的适用条件,增强公平责 任的可操作性,形成行为——公平责任适用——产生法定补偿义务——违 反法定补偿义务——责任承担——赔偿逻辑推演路径,通过法律方法论的 内、外证成来论证公平责任司法适用的合法性和合理性,从而增强裁判结 果的可接受性。

中国大陆指导性案例司法适用研究 - 以2017年118个民商事案例为分析样本

伍鉴萍,张笑 동아대학교 법학연구소 2018 國際去來와 法 Vol.- No.23

In 2010, the case guidance system was formally established in Chin a,which is a great-leap-forward development of the orientation and application of previous cases in our judicial practice. After the establishment of the system, the Supreme People's Court (hereinafter referred to as SPC) made it clear that judges should refer to or apply the guiding cases when deciding similar cases. This clarifies that the guiding cases is actually binding. By December 31, 2017, SPC has issued a total of 92 guiding cases. These cases have not only been published in batches, but also been uploaded to official website by SPC. The case guidance system meets the need of judicial practice in our country and also complies with the trend of the gradual merge of the two major legal systems. In this paper, 118 civil and commercial cases involving in guiding cases in 2017 are selected as the object of analysis, and the judicial practice of guiding cases is studied from both macro and micro perspectives. The macro perspective mainly concentrates on the application of guiding cases in Local People's Court at all levels across the country. The micro perspective focuses on the study of specific judgment documents. From real and concrete data, we can find out the characteristics of the judgment documents, and analyze the problems in the operation of the case guidance system, and put forward feasible suggestions to improve the system. 案例指导制度于2010年在我国正式确立,这是我国司法实践对先前案例 定位和适用的一个跨越式发展。在该制度确立后,最高人民法院明确法官 在裁判类似案件时应当参照适用指导性案例,18这就明确了指导性案例事 实上的约束力。截止2017年12月31日,最高人民法院总共发布了92个指导 性案例,最高人民法院不仅将指导性案例以批次为单位出版发行,同时也 上传在其官方网站中。案例指导制度符合当前我国司法实践的需要,也顺 应了两大法系逐渐融合的趋势。 本文选取了2017年118个涉及指导性案例的民商事案例作为分析对象,从 宏观和微观两个视角出发,对指导性案例的司法实践状况进行研究。宏观 视角主要放眼于全国范围内各级人民法院参照适用指导性案例的情况,微 观视角集中研究具体的裁判文书,从真实具体的数据中发现裁判文书中所 呈现的特点,进而分析案例指导制度在运行过程中存在的问题,为完善该 制度提出可行性建议。

The Institutional Value and Judicial Application of the Defensive Clause in the Company’s Bylaw

Zhang Youmeng 원광대학교 법학연구소 2019 圓光法學 Vol.35 No.2

The defensive clause in a company’s bylaw is an important tool against takeover, but its legitimacy has been questioned by the theoretical and judicial fields, and it is manifested in complex and various forms. In terms of institutional value, the defensive clause has a significant effect on maintaining the stability of the corporate governance structure, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the initial shareholders and the company’s funding and innovation team, ensuring the sound development of market economy, and promoting the establishment of business ethics. In the legislation on defensive clauses, the basic legislative attitude should be to fully respect the company’s autonomy, and to set the necessary limits on the boundaries of its autonomy for different kinds of defense clauses. In judicial practice, basic judicial principles, such as “company autonomy first”, substantive equality, maximizing the company’s interests, and appropriate defense and etc., should be established, to ensure that the company’s acquisition and anti-acquisition are legal and fair and in an orderly manner, under the premise of striking a balance between the social and individual benefits.

中國刑事證明標準立法的新發展及司法適用

田毅平(Tian, Yi Ping) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2017 법학연구 Vol.58 No.1

The Institutional Value and Judicial Application of the Defensive Clause in the Company’s Bylaw

张右蒙 원광대학교 법학연구소 2019 圓光法學 Vol.35 No.2

The defensive clause in a company’s bylaw is an important tool against takeover, but its legitimacy has been questioned by the theoretical and judicial fields, and it is manifested in complex and various forms. In terms of institutional value, the defensive clause has a significant effect on maintaining the stability of the corporate governance structure, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the initial shareholders and the company’s funding and innovation team, ensuring the sound development of market economy, and promoting the establishment of business ethics. In the legislation on defensive clauses, the basic legislative attitude should be to fully respect the company’s autonomy, and to set the necessary limits on the boundaries of its autonomy for different kinds of defense clauses. In judicial practice, basic judicial principles, such as “company autonomy first”, substantive equality, maximizing the company’s interests, and appropriate defense and etc., should be established, to ensure that the company’s acquisition and anti-acquisition are legal and fair and in an orderly manner, under the premise of striking a balance between the social and individual benefits.

论公司社会责任的法律适用 - 以环境责任公益诉讼为研究视角 -

赵万一 원광대학교 법학연구소 2015 圓光法學 Vol.31 No.2

2005년 중국 회사법 수정에서 “회사는 반드시 사회적 책임을 져야 한다”라고 명확히 회사의 중요한 법률 의무를 추가 규정하였다. 하지만 어떻게 강제성 규범을 실제 상황에 적용하여 법률 역할을 확실히 발휘할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 회사법의 권위에 까지 연결 시킬지가 중요하다. 회사의 환경책임은 회사의 사회책임의 중요한 구성부분과 표현 형식이다. 양호한 제도설게를 통하여 可訴性과 현실의 긴박성 뿐만아니라 법리상의 가능성을 실현할수 있다. 회사가 환경책임에 어극나는 악질적 사건들이 거듭 일어나면서, 현재 회사의 환경책임 이행의 독촉, 제도의 결함과 곤경을 충분히 폭로 하였으며, 환경책임 공익소송 도입에 좋은 설명을 주었다. 본문은 회사의 환경책임 법위의 정의를 공공이익의 법위내에 확정하고, <회사법> 제5조를 확장 해석하는 방법으로 <회사법> 제5조의 재판 가능성과 공익소송 제도를 유기적으로 결합 하였다. 회사의 환경책임의 내용을 회사가 영리성 경영활동 종사중 환경 공공이익의 유지의무가 있으며 환경 공공이익을 침해했을 시 법률 책임을 져야한다. 회사의 사회적 책임의 사건을 통하여 적격원고의 범위를 확대하는 방식으로 사회적 역량을 동원하여 회사의 사회적 책임 이행을 감독하고, 회사가 환경책임을 잘 이행하도록 촉진한다. One of the most important legal obligations put to companies by the amendment of Company Law in 2005 is the social responsibilities to be undertaken by companies. An effective implement of the mandatory requirement is not only related to the execution of the law, but also to the authority of law. The environmental responsibility of companies is both an important part and a main form of their social responsibility. There is an urgent need in practice to realize the suability of environmental responsibility by designing an effective system. Such realization of the suability is also feasible in jurisprudence. Malignant events in which companies went against their environmental responsibility happened time and again. Such events revealed a lack of relevant system to urge the companies to fulfil their environmental responsibility. They also serve to prove the necessity to introduce environmental public interest litigations. This paper delimits the environmental responsibility undertaken by companies within the scope of the responsibility related to public interests, and it holds that the justifiability of Article 5 of ‘Company Law’ should be integrated with the system of public interest litigation by giving a broad-term explanation to Article 5. The companies’ environmental responsibility is defined as their obligation to maintain public environmental interests and their legal liability when infringing upon the interests. It is also suggested that social forces be mobilized to monitor the companies’ fulfilment of their social responsibility by expanding the range of qualified plaintiffs in the lawsuits concerning the social responsibilities of companies, which would accordingly help companies fulfill their environmental responsibility.