Global Histone H4 Acetylation of IGF1 and GH Genes in Lungs of Somatic Cell Cloned Calves

Zhang, L.,Wang, S.H.,Fan, B.L.,Dai, Y.P.,Fei, J.,Li, N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.8

Histone acetylation modification is one key mechanism in the regulation of gene activation. In this study, we investigated the global levels of histone H4 acetylation of insulin like growth factor I (IGF1) and growth hormone (GH) genes in the lungs of two somatic cell cloned calves. Data showed the levels of histone H4 acetylation of IGF1 and GH genes vary widely within different gene regions, and, in almost all regions of the two genes, acetylation levels are lower in the aberrant clone than in the normal clone. Thus we suggest that inefficient epigenetic reprogramming in the clone may affect the balance between acetylation and deacetylation, which will affect normal growth and development. These findings will also have implications for improvement of cloning success rates.

Broadband omnidirectional light detection in flexible and hierarchical ZnO/Si heterojunction photodiodes

Lim, S.,Um, D. S.,Ha, M.,Zhang, Q.,Lee, Y.,Lin, Y.,Fan, Z.,Ko, H. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Nano research Vol.10 No.1

<P>The development of flexible photodetectors has received great attention for future optoelectronic applications including flexible image sensors, biomedical imaging, and smart, wearable systems. Previously, omnidirectional photodetectors were only achievable by integration of a hemispherical microlens assembly on multiple photodetectors. Herein, a hierarchical photodiode design of ZnO nanowires (NWs) on honeycomb-structured Si (H-Si) membranes is demonstrated to exhibit excellent omnidirectional light-absorption ability and thus maintain high photocurrents over broad spectral ranges (365 to 1,100 nm) for wide incident angles (0A degrees to 70A degrees), which enabled broadband omnidirectional light detection in flexible photodetectors. Furthermore, the stress-relieving honeycomb pattern within the photodiode micromembranes provided photodetectors with excellent mechanical flexibility (10% decrease in photocurrent at a bending radius of 3 mm) and durability (minimal change in photocurrent over 10,000 bending cycles). When employed in semiconductor thin films, the hierarchical NW/honeycomb heterostructure design acts as an efficient platform for various optoelectronic devices requiring mechanical flexibility and broadband omnidirectional light detection.</P>

Intramuscular Administration of Zinc Metallothionein to Preslaughter Stressed Pigs Improves Anti-oxidative Status and Pork Quality

Li, L.L.,Hou, Z.P.,Yin, Y.L.,Liu, Y.H.,Hou, D.X.,Zhang, B.,Wu, G.Y.,Kim, S.W.,Fan, M.Z.,Yang, C.B.,Kong, X.F.,Tang, Z.R.,Peng, H.Z.,Deng, D.,Deng, Z.Y.,Xie, M.Y.,Xiong, H.,Kang, P.,Wang, S.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.5

This study was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous zinc-metallothionein (Zn-MT) on anti-oxidative function and pork quality. After feeding a corn-soybean meal-based diet for two weeks, 48 pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Chinese\;Black Pig$) were assigned randomly to four groups. Pigs in Group 1 were maintained under non-stress conditions, whereas pigs in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were aggressively handled for 25 min to produce stress. Pigs in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received intramuscular administration of saline (control group; CON), 0 (negative control group; NCON), 0.8 (low dose group; LOW), and 1.6 (high dose group; HIGH) mg rabbit liver Zn-MT per kg body weight, respectively. Pigs were slaughtered at 3 and 6 h post-injection. Zn-MT treatment increased (p<0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-PX) while decreasing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. These responses were greater (p<0.05) at 6 h than at 3 h post Zn-MT injection. Zn-MT treatment increased (p<0.05) hepatic SOD mRNA levels in a time and dose-dependent manner and decreased (p<0.05) serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities (indicators of tissue integrity). Zn-MT administration decreased (p<0.05) lactate concentration and increased (p<0.05) pH and water-holding capacity in the longissimus thorasis meat. Collectively, our results indicate that intramuscular administration of Zn-MT to pre-slaughter stressed pigs improved tissue anti-oxidative ability and meat quality.

Effect of Age on Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Growth of Dorper and Hu Crossbred F1 Ewes Weighing 20 to 50 kg

H.T. Nie,Y.J. Wan,J.H. You,Z.Y. Wang,S. Lan,Y.X. Fan,F. Wang 아세아·태평양축산학회 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.8

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid F1 ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) decreased from 260.62±13.21 to 250.61±11.79 kJ/kg0.75 of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from 401.99±20.31 to 371.23±17.47 kJ/kg0.75 of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth (kg, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth (NEg) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth (MEg) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth (NEg and MEg) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.

Studies on Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China

Fan,P.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,J.C.,Lo,H.S.,Hsu,Y.P.,Yen,C.H.,Lin,C.C.,Hsu,S.T. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1974 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.5 No.1

1972年 7月 1日부터 1973年 6月 30日까지 1年間 中華民國 臺?省 金門鳥에서 絲狀 症에 關한 調査硏究를 實施한 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 金門鳥 55村落에 居住하는 20,018 住民을 對象으로 調査한 바 血中 microfilariae (mf.) 兩性率은 8.8%였고 血液 20立方mm當 mf농도는 16.2였으며 絲狀 感染으로 因 臨床例 는 19.2%였다. 金門鳥 駐屯 軍人 2,428名에서 mf.양성율은 0.1%, mf. 감염농도는 20立方mm當 26.3이었으며 臨床例는 없었다. mf.感染濃度 및 臨床例에 있어 확실히 女性보다는 男性에서 高率을 보였으나 mf.陽性率은 兩性間에 差異가 없었다. mf.陽性率과 臨床例는 年齡의 增加와 一致하였으나 mf. 감렴농도는 年齡의 증가와 無關하였다. 2. 金文鳥 駐屯 軍人에 있어 주둔 其間과 絲狀 感染과는 關係가 없었으며 駐屯基地와 村落과의 距離와도 無關하였다. 軍人들은 모기에 물리지 않도록 잘 保護되어 있었고 주둔지역은 完全히 住民들과 격리되어 있었다. 3. 51村落으로부터의 血液檢査를 받은 1,470名의 絲狀 感染陽性者 中에서 臨床病勢르 보인 例는 19.2%였으며 女性보다는 男性에서 約 5倍가 많았다. 男性에 있어서의 大部分의 臨床例는 生殖器에 症狀을 보였는데 其中 10%는 象皮症을 가진 例는 2名뿐이었다. 4. 43村落의 家屋內에서 잡힌 모기는 4屬 14種(Culex 10種, Aedes 2種, Anopheles 1種, Armigeres 1種)이었으며 이들中 Cules P. fatigans와 Armigeres subalbatus가 大部分이었으나 其他 12種은 매우 적었다. Culcx mimesticus, C. (L) vorax, C. fuscocephala 및 Acdes nocturnus등 의 4新種은 처음으로 發見되었다. Culex p.fatigans는 現存「반크롭트」 絲狀 만을 옮기는 媒介昆 으로 알려져 있다. 治療前 8個 村落으로부터 잡은 438마리의 Culex p. fatigans에서 幼 을 內包하고 있는 모기는 1마리 平均 5.9마리의 絲狀 幼 을 갖고 있는 셈이었으며 全體 感染率은 11.9%, 感染期 幼 을 가진 모기는 10.5%이었다. 上記 8個 村落 住民을 治癒한 後의 樣狀은 治療前과 아주 달라서 모기 1마리當 平均 2.1마리의 幼 을 갖고 있었고 全體感染率은 2.2%, 感染期幼 內包率은 0.09%였다. 平均 pH가 7.4(6.4∼8.0)인 8個處의 모기 産卵場所에서 잡힌 모기 幼 은 모두 11種이었다. 有機燐劑의 一種인 Sumithion을 1平方m當 0.2gm의 농도로 모기 産卵場所 水面에 撒布하였던바 모든 모기 幼 에 對한 殺 果가 좋았다. 5. 總 1.590名의 絲狀 感染者에게 成人當 總量 5gm의 diethylcarbamazine을 10∼12日 間 服用시켜 보았다. 治療率은 80.6%, mf. 減少率은 96.9%였고 反應率는 67.2%였다. 여러 가지 副作用은 있었으나 一般的으로 輕微하였으며 患者가 참을 수 있었으므로 最高用量으로 投藥했을 경우에도 大部分 거절 하지 않았다. 8個 部落에서 捕獲된 Culex P. fatigans의 絲狀 幼 全體感染率, 感染期幼 內包率 및 感染濃度는 患者治療前에 各各 11.9%, 10.5%, 5.9였는데 治療後에는 2.2%, 0.09%, 2.1로 떨어져서 diethylcarbamazine은 microfilariae에 對한 殺충효果가 높을 뿐 아니라 絲狀충 만延을 組止시키는데 좋은 藥劑라고 思料된다 The present investigation is a serial study on “Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands”, which was performed from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Parasitological investigation: Of 20,018 Kinmen Chinese in 55 villages examined, the microfilariae (mf.) rate of 8.8%, mf. density of 16.2 per 20cmm blood and clinical rate 19.2% were found: the corresponding figures for a total of 2,428 military personnel were 0.1%, 29.3 and 0.0% respectively. The mf. density and clinical rate were obviously higher in the males than in the females, but no difference was found for the microfilarial rate. The mf. rate and clinical rate were correspondingly increased with age, but there was no difference in mf. density. 2. Transmission of filariasis: It seems no any relation to the length of stationing of the Chinese troops on Kinmen Islands, and also no relation to the distance between the villages and camps; because the servicemen are well protected from the mosquito bites and bites and the camps are completely isolated, to and off limit to the villagers, though they have common places of entertainment. 3. Clinical investigation: Of 1,470 filarial carriers in 51 villages examined physically, the clinical rate of 19.2% was detected. It was about 5 times higher in males than in females. In the males, most of the cases the trouble in their reproductive organs, and 10% had elephantiasis; but in the females, the lymph nodes enlargement and chyluria were more common, only 2 cases had elephantiasis. The clinical rates increased corresponding with age. 4. Entomological investigation: Fourteen(14) species of 4 genera (10 Culex, 2 Aedes, 1 Anopheles and 1 Armigeres) of household mosquitoes were collected from indoor resting sites of 43 villages on kinmen Islands, in which, Cules P. fatigans and Armigeres subalbatus were the most common species, but the remaining 12 species are faily rare. Four (4) new species: Culex mimeticus, C. (L) vorax, C, fucocephala and Aedes noturnvs were found for the first time. Culex p.fatigans is still the only vector. in transmission of bancroftian filariasis. The infection rate of 11.9%, infective rate of 10.5% and 5.9 filarial larvae per infected mosquito were detected in 438 Culex p. fatigans from 8 villages before treatment. The corresponding figures were much lower in the above same villages after treatment (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). Eleven (11) species of moswquito larvae were collected from 8 kinds of breeding sites; where, the pH value of 7.4(ranged 6.4∼8.0) was measured. “Sumithion”is one of the organophosphorous compounds, which was first used on the water surface with the dosage of 0.2gm per square meter.A high insecticidal effect against different species of mosquito larvae was observed. 5. Chemotherapy of filariasis: Of 1.590 filarial carriers scheme, with a total does of 5 gm of diethylcarbamazine per adult case for a period of 10∼12 days schedule was performed. The cure rate of 80.6%, mf. reduction tate of 96.9% and reaction rate of 67.2% were found. Although many kinds of side effects were encountered, they were usually mild or transient and could be tolerated by the patients, thus there was almost no refused to the administration of the drug even if the drug was increased to the maximum dosage. The natural infection rate, infective rate and filarial larval density of Culex P. fatigans in 8 villages were found much higher before control measure (11.9%, 10.5% and 5.9%) than after control (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). It showed that diethylcarbamazine is a powerful microfilaricidal drug in eliminating the filarial infection and reducing this transmission.

High Ejaculation Frequency Enhances Semen Production in Taiwan Country Chickens

Fan, Y.K.,Ju, J.C.,Lee, S.L.,Chen, C.F.,Peh, H.C.,Hsu, J.C.,Lee, Y.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.7

The objective of this study were to investigate the effect of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics and to establish a method for quick assessment of sperm concentration in TCC using packed cell volume (PCV) as the parameter (Trial 1). Eighty senior roosters, averaging 61 wk-old, were used and the sperm concentrations were determined using a hemacytometer. The PCV value was measured in a capillary (0.75 mm in inner diameter) by centrifugation. A simple linear regression analysis suggested that the sperm concentrations were significantly correlated with PCV values (r=0.62, p<0.001). Trial 2 was conducted to determine the optimal ejaculation frequency of TCC roosters in a weekly semen collection program. The male birds were subjected to 1, 2, 3 or 6 ejaculations per week for four consecutive weeks and semen characteristics including ejaculation volume (EV, mL), sperm motility (%), PCV (%), sperm concentration (ESC, $\times$10$^{9}$/mL), weekly sperm production (WSP, $\times$10$^{9}$/wk) and average motile sperm numbers (AMSN, $\times$10$^{9}$/ejac) were determined. Average EV was greater in the group with 3 ejac/wk than with only 1 ejac/wk in weeks 1 and 3 of the collection period. WSP increased with ejaculation frequency during the first 3 weeks of collection (p<0.05). Sperm motility was better in the birds with 6 ejac/wk than in single ejaculation group for the first 2 wk and no significant differences were found for the last 2 wk of study. In contrast, the PCV value showed a trend of reduction for the first 2 wks in the 6 ejac/wk group. Surprisingly, no significant differences were detected in the AMSN among treatment groups. The weekly motile sperm production (WMSP) increased with ejaculation frequency. Based on our observation, PCV values could be used for a quick estimation of sperm concentration and an intensive semen collection program enhanced weekly sperm production in TCC roosters.

Deterioration of tensile behavior of concrete exposed to artificial acid rain environment

Fan, Y.F.,Hu, Z.Q.,Luan, H.Y. Techno-Press 2012 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.5 No.1

This study is focused on evaluation of the tensile properties of concrete exposed to acid rain environment. Acid rain environment was simulated by the mixture of sulfate and nitric acid in the laboratory. The dumbell-shaped concrete specimens were submerged in pure water and acid solution for accelerated conditioning. Weighing, tensile test, CT, SEM/EDS test and microanalysis were performed on the specimens. Tensile characteristics of the damaged concrete are obtained quantitatively. Evolution characteristics of the voids, micro cracks, chemical compounds, elemental distribution and contents in the concrete are examined. The deterioration mechanisms of concrete exposed to acid rain are well elucidated.

한국과 중국의 간호재학생들의 비판적 사고성향과 전문직관 비교연구

이향련 ( H Y Lee ),김윤희 ( Y H Kim ),강현숙 ( H S Kim ),이지아 ( J Lee ),( Fan X ),( Ling M ),YuanQ 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 2007 동서간호학연구지 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구는 간호교육성과 평가를 위해 한국간호평가원에서 정한 5개의 영역인 비판적 사고력,전문직관, 지도력,의사소통능력, 간호수행능력 중 비판적 사고 성향과 전문직관에 대하여 한국과 중국의 간호대학생을 대상으로 평가 비교하였다. 한국과 중국의 간호학 생의 교육성과를 비교 분석함으로써 중국유학생의 기준을 확인 할 수 있으며 미래 간호인력 활용에 있어 서도 본 연구 결과를 활용하고자 하였다.본 연구결과 한국의 간호교육과정이 주로 3년제와 4년제로 구분되어있는 것에 비하여 중국의 경우 4년 제와 5년제로 구분되었고 입학자격이 일반적으로 중 학교 졸업 이상임을 알게 되었다. 본 연구의 대상인 중국의 간호대학은5년제 과정이었으며 교과과정에서 비판적 사고나 전문직관이 포함되어 있지 않았고 한국의 간호대학의 경우 2학년 교과과정에 ‘비판적 사 고와 간호,가 전공 선택으로 포함되었다. 따라서 관련 교과목의 선수경험을 조사한 결과 비판적 사고가 전문직관보다 양국기간에 더 큰 유의한 차이를 나타내었다 양국기간의 비판적 사고성향 비교에서 한국은 97. 06점 (l35점 만점) 이었고, 중국은 88. 61점으로 나타나 두 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 있었다 (t=以286, p<.001).이는 한국학생들의 43. 3% 가 비판적 사고와 관련된 과목을 수강한 경험이 있는 반면 중국의 경우 8. 7% 안이 관련과목을 수강하였다고 보고하였음을 감안할 때 국가 간의 차이보다는 교육의 효과가 좀 더 반영되었다고 볼 수 있으며 실제로 본 연구에서 한국 측 대학과정에서 비판적 사고의 과목이 2학년의 선택 과목으로 개설되고 있었다. 선행연구인 Yoon (2004) 의 95. 55와 비교하면 본 연구의 한국학생 대상자 군의 점 수가 더 높았다. 한편, Yoon (2004) 의 연구에서는 대상 자들의 비판적 사고관련 과목의 선수경험여부를 보고 하지 않았지만 교과과정에 비판적 사고라는 교과목이 개설되지 않은 상태이며 l학년과 4학년의 점수가 95. 09과 974로 235의 차이가 있는 반면 한국의 경 우 1학년과 4학년의 점수가 94. 10점과 103. 22정으로 좀 더 큰 점수차이인 9.12점 이였음을 고려할 때 비판 적 사고를 주제로 한 교과과목의 수강경험이 비판적 사고성향 함양에 큰 영향을 주었음을 알 수 있다. 급 속히 변화하는 임상환경에 효과적으로 대처할 수 있는 능력을 위해 본 연구의 한국측 간호대학에서는 학 생들의 비판적 사고 능력함양에 관심을 갖게 되어 ‘비판적 사고와 간호· 라는 교과목을 개설하여 운영하고 있었다. 실제로 임상현장은 끊임없이 문제해결과 의사결정을 요구하고 있으며 비판적 사고 없이 이루 어지는 간호행위는 없다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 따라 서 비판적 사고력을 증진시킬 수 있는 교과목 혹은 관련 교과목을 교과과정에 포함시켜 간호학생들이 임상현장을 접하기 전에 비판적 사고성향을 기르도록 하여 임상현장에 잘 적응할 수 있게 해야 할 것이다. 또 하나의 교육성과 측정영역인 전문직관을 분석한 결과 한국학생은 65. 44점 (95점 만점) 이었고 중국학생 은 72. 14점으로 중국학생이 한국학생보다 유의하게 높은 점수를 보고하였다 (논 - 4. 876, P<, o이). 이는 Kim등신999) 의 연구에서 간호전문대학을 졸업한 현직 간 호사를 위한 2년의 편입과정 (RN- BㄴN) 학생들을 대상으로 한 조사에서 입학 시 점수인 91. 2叩33점 만점)을 95점 만점으로 환산한 점수인 입학시 65. 14점보다 높았고 졸업 시 점수인 70. 83보다는 한국학생은 낮은 점수를 중국학생은 더 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 본 연 구에서 저학년학생들과 고학년학생들을 비교했을 때 한국 의 경우 l학년은 61. % 점이었고 4학년은 70. 17점으로 4학년이 l학년보다 821점이 더 높았다. 이는 교육과 함께 병용된 체계화된 임상실습경험이 학부생인 l학 년과 4학년의 점수차이에 크게 좌우된 것으로 보인 다. 중국의 경우에서도 임상실습경험이 없는 1학년에 서 4학년까지의 점수 범위가 67. 10점에서 71. 50점인 반면 임상실습을 경험한 5학년의 경우 77.7점로 4학 년보다 α 27점이 더 높았다. 그러나 전문직관과 관련된 선수과목의 경험여부는 점수에 별로 큰 영향을 주지 못했다. 즉, 관련과목 경험학생들의 전문직관이 70. 03점이었고 경험하지 않은 학생들은 68. 27점으로 유의한 차이가 없었다 (t= 1. 033, p=272). 본 연구에서 한국과 중국 양 대학에 전문직 관을 중점적으로 다루는 과목이 없었고, 간호전문직 관을 측정하기 위해 사용한 도구가 간호수행과 관련 된 전문성, 직업윤리 및 감정이입의 수준을 파악하였기 때문에 간호수행을 실습하는 현장실습인 임상실습 의 경험여부가 긍정적인 전문직관 형성에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. Jeong (2007) 의 연구에서도 임상에서 간호전문직관에 따라 간호수행능력이 달라지므로 간호전문직관을 긍정적으로 향상시키기 위한 계속 교육 의 필요성을 강조하였다. 이상의 연구결과는 한국과 중국의 교육성과 평가에 대한 지속적인 국제연구교류를 위해 일차적으로 중국 의 간호교육 환경을 중국의 간호역사와 함께 이해하며 교과과정을 분석하는 선행연구의 필요성을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 교육성과 평가를 위해 한국 교육평가원에서 제시한 5개 영역 중 먼저 2개 영역을 평가하며 중국과 한국학생들을 비교할 뿐만 아니라 중국과의 지속적인 연구교류의 가능성을 파악하였다. 여전히 언어와 문화의 차이로부터 오는 상대방을 이 해하는 어려움이 있었지만 본 대학으로서는 처음으로 중국 현지 연구팀과 협력관계를 유지하며 시도한 공동연구로서 앞으로 지속적인 국제연구교류를 위한 기초자료를 제시하는 연구였다. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the differences in critical thinking and professionalism between Korean and Chinese nursing students. Critical thinking and professionalism were a part of five domains to evaluate nursing education: critical thinking, professionalism, leadership, communication, and nursing practice from the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing. Methods: Data were collected from 207 college nursing students: 104 students from the 4-year degree program in Korea and 103 from the 5-year degree program in China from September 2006 to September 2007. The instruments for Chinese students were translated in Chinese and re-translated to check accuracy. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS/ PC+ Win 12.0 Version. The x2-test to compare general characteristics and the t-test to examine the differences of the study variables were conducted. Results: Korean nursing students reported significantly higher scores of critical thinking than did Chinese students while Chinese students reported significantly higher scores of professionalism. Students took previous courses associated with critical thinking reported significantly higher scores than did those without previous courses taken. There was no significant difference in scores of professionalism whether students had previous experience of related courses or not. Rather than, students with clinical practice reported higher scores of professionalism than did those without clinical practice. Conclusion: Levels of critical thinking were influenced by course focusing on critical thinking while professionalism was improved by combination of associated courses and clinical practice. For follow-up study, there is needed to examine nursing curriculum between Korea and China.

Effects of exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, and pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets

Yang, Y.Y.,Fan, Y.F.,Cao, Y.H.,Guo, P.P.,Dong, B.,Ma, Y. X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.1

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. Methods: In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of $35.9{\pm}0.6kg$ were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}4$ factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs ($35.2{\pm}9.0kg\;BW$) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). Results: In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. Conclusion: Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.

Effect of Age on Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Growth of Dorper and Hu Crossbred F1 Ewes Weighing 20 to 50 kg

Nie, H.T.,Wan, Y.J.,You, J.H.,Wang, Z.Y.,Lan, S.,Fan, Y.X.,Wang, F. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.8

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid $F_1$ ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) decreased from $260.62{\pm}13.21$ to $250.61{\pm}11.79kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from $401.99{\pm}20.31$ to $371.23{\pm}17.47kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance ($k_m$, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth ($k_g$, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth ($NE_g$) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth ($ME_g$) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth ($NE_g$ and $ME_g$) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.