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Ramasubramanian T.,Sonai Rajan T.,Madhu Sudhanan E. 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.1
Internode borer (INB), Chilo sacchariphagus indicus has been a serious threat to sugarcane cultivation for more than six decades. We have determined the number of instars for INB through frequency distribution analysis of cast head capsule widths. This is the first report, which proves that the INB of sugarcane passes through five larval instars to attain its pupal stage. The number of instars determined by kernel density estimation was in corroboration with the number of instars observed in the laboratory. The mean Dyar’s ratios for both the instarwise observed data on head capsule widths and the theoretical data derived from the frequency distribution analysis were one and the same (1.46). Linear regression (R 2 > 0.998) between the instar numbers and their corresponding mean head capsule widths reaffirmed that no instar has been overlooked. Further, the theoretical misclassification probabilities of 0.16–1.97% indicates that the chance of misidentifying an INB instar into its preceding or succeeding one is very remote. Since the determination of the exact number of instars in a pest species is a pre-requisite for developing appropriate management strategies, the outcome of this study holds great promise in managing the most notorious Crambid borer of sugarcane.
T. Karthikeya Sharma,G. Amba Prasad Rao,K. Madhu Murthy 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.10
Better fuel economy and lower NOx and PM emissions are the two major issues perplexing the researchers as well as new engine developers. Of late a new combustion concept- HCCI has gained popularity in this direction. Low combustion chamber temperatures favorlow NOx emission formation. An attempt is made to study the effect of induction induced swirl in enhancing the rate of heat transfer toattain low in-cylinder temperatures favoring low NOx emissions formation. In this regard a computational study is undertaken in analyzingthe heat distribution to the engine parts in HCCI mode of combustion under four swirl ratios and operating parameters. Extensivenumerical study is carried out on a single cylinder 1.6 L, reentrant piston bowl CI engine. The analysis has been done using ECFM-3Zmodel of STAR-CD. Suitable modifications in the existing code are done to incorporate the HCCI mode of combustion. The ECFM -3Zmodel for HCCI mode of combustion is validated with the existing literature to make sure that the results obtained are accurate. The parameterslike compression ratio and boost pressure are varied under different swirl ratios to analyze the rate of heat transfer in the combustionchamber. The analysis resulted in achieving maximum increased heat transfer rates of 0.88% to the wall with swirl ratio 1,45.66% to the dome and 39.99% to the piston with swirl ratio 4; when the compression ratios are increase from 18 to 21. A maximumincrease in heat transfer rates of 15.82% to the wall, 26.41% to the dome and 27.46% to the piston with compression ratio 21; when theswirl ratio is increase from 1 to 4. Similarly a maximum increased heat transfer rates of 83.75% to the wall with swirl ratio 4, 88.04% tothe dome with swirl ratio 3 and 87.52% to the piston with swirl ratio 4; when the boost pressures are increase from 1 bar to 2 bar wereachieved. A maximum increase in heat transfer rates of 59.35% to the wall with boost pressure 1.5 bar, 81.32% to the dome and 76.34%to the piston with boost pressure 2 bar; when the swirl ratio is increase from 1 to 4 were obtained. The study revealed that apart fromadopting higher compression ratios and boost pressures adoption of high swirl ratios is observed to be contributing to a large extent inenhancing the rates of heat transfer which would lead to significant reduction in in-cylinder temperatures suitable for low NOx emissionformation in HCCI mode.
Ezhil Vilian, A. T.,Madhu, Rajesh,Chen, Shen-Ming,Veeramani, Vediyappan,Sivakumar, Mani,Huh, Yun Suk,Han, Young-Kyu The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for b Vol.3 No.30
<P>Herein, we report a simple and facile synthesis strategy of MnO2/carbon nanotubes decorated with a nanocomposite of Pt nanoparticles using a simple electrodeposition method. The Pt/MnO2/f-MWCNT modified electrode were characterized by several analytical and spectroscopy techniques and were adopted as a composite for a novel catechin sensor. The as-prepared Pt/MnO2/f-MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited a smaller peak potential separation (Δ<I>E</I>p), and electron transfer kinetics during the oxidation reaction of catechin. This can be attributed to the larger effective surface area, greater porosity, and more reactive sites on the Pt/MnO2/f-MWCNT-modified GCE. Notably, we achieved a very low detection limit (under optimized conditions) of catechin <I>ca.</I> 0.02 μM (S/N = 3); the linear range is 2-950 μM with excellent sensitivity. The real time application of catechin in red wine, black tea, and green tea samples with excellent performance. The proposed sensor was successfully developed and the advantages of low cost, ease of preparation, long-term stability, and good reproducibility were demonstrated which are superior to recently reported modified electrodes, thereby enabling practical industrial applications.</P>