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Yoon, Sungjun,Kim, Jeong Ah,Lee, Seung Hwan,Kim, Minsoo,Park, Tai Hyun Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Lab on a chip Vol.13 No.8
<P>The importance of creating a three-dimensional (3-D) multicellular spheroid has recently been gaining attention due to the limitations of monolayer cell culture to precisely mimic in vivo structure and cellular interactions. Due to this emerging interest, researchers have utilized new tools, such as microfluidic devices, that allow high-throughput and precise size control to produce multicellular spheroids. We have developed a droplet-based microfluidic system that can encapsulate both cells and magnetic nanoparticles within alginate beads to mimic the function of a multicellular tumor spheroid. Cells were entrapped within the alginate beads along with magnetic nanoparticles, and the beads of a relatively uniform size (diameters of 85% of the beads were 170-190 μm) were formed in the oil phase. These beads were passed through parallel streamlines of oil and culture medium, where the beads were magnetically transferred into the medium phase from the oil phase using an external magnetic force. This microfluidic chip eliminates additional steps for collecting the spheroids from the oil phase and transferring them to culture medium. Ultimately, the overall spheroid formation process can be achieved on a single microchip.</P>
Yoon, Sungjun,Lee, Seungpil,Kwon, Hyuckmo,Lee, Joonkyu,Park, Sungwook Elsevier 2018 Applied Thermal Engineering Vol.142 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, the effects of swirl and the injector hole number were investigated to enhance the mixing of fuel and air. Both experimental and analytical methods were employed. The KIVA code coupled with the CHEMKIN chemistry solver was used to analyze the swirl intensity at various angles of the swirl control valve and experimental results. For the experimental investigation, a 498.75 cc single cylinder engine and a 55 kW AC dynamometer were employed. The experiments were conducted at IMEP values of 6 and 10 bar with 7, 8, 9, and 10 hole injectors. The swirl intensity was varied by opening of the swirl control valve from 0° to 90°.</P> <P>The experimental results demonstrated that the swirl intensity has an effect on the combustion and emission characteristics. An enhanced swirl intensity reduced the PM and CO emissions but increased the NOx emissions and ISFC. An increase of the injector hole number resulted in decreases of the PM and CO emissions along with a an increase of NOx emissions and no significant difference of output. However, the exhaust characteristics with the 10 hole injector deteriorated as the interference increased.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Effects of swirl ratio and injector hole number on combustion and emissions were studied. </LI> <LI> A single cylinder diesel engine and KIVA code were used. </LI> <LI> Correlations between swirl control valve and swirl ratio were calculated. </LI> <LI> PM and CO emissions were reduced with increases in swirl ratio and hole number. </LI> </UL> </P>