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Development of a Low-cost Industrial OCR System with an End-to-end Deep Learning Technology
Subedi, Bharat,Yunusov, Jahongir,Gaybulayev, Abdulaziz,Kim, Tae-Hyong Institute of Embedded Engineering of Korea 2020 대한임베디드공학회논문지 Vol.15 No.2
Optical character recognition (OCR) has been studied for decades because it is very useful in a variety of places. Nowadays, OCR's performance has improved significantly due to outstanding deep learning technology. Thus, there is an increasing demand for commercial-grade but affordable OCR systems. We have developed a low-cost, high-performance OCR system for the industry with the cheapest embedded developer kit that supports GPU acceleration. To achieve high accuracy for industrial use on limited computing resources, we chose a state-of-the-art text recognition algorithm that uses an end-to-end deep learning network as a baseline model. The model was then improved by replacing the feature extraction network with the best one suited to our conditions. Among the various candidate networks, EfficientNet-B3 has shown the best performance: excellent recognition accuracy with relatively low memory consumption. Besides, we have optimized the model written in TensorFlow's Python API using TensorFlow-TensorRT integration and TensorFlow's C++ API, respectively.
Subedi, Tikaram,Buhphang, Ardeline Mary Department of Mathematics 2013 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.53 No.3
A ring R is called a left (right) SF-ring if simple left (right) R-modules are flat. It is still unknown whether a left (right) SF-ring is von Neumann regular. In this paper, we give some conditions for a left (right) SF-ring to be (a) von Neumann regular; (b) strongly regular; (c) division ring. It is proved that: (1) a right SF-ring R is regular if maximal essential right (left) ideals of R are weakly left (right) ideals of R (this result gives an affirmative answer to the question raised by Zhang in 1994); (2) a left SF-ring R is strongly regular if every non-zero left (right) ideal of R contains a non-zero left (right) ideal of R which is a W-ideal; (3) if R is a left SF-ring such that $l(x)(r(x))$ is an essential left (right) ideal for every right (left) zero divisor x of R, then R is a division ring.
Subedi, Sagun,Lee, Sang-Il,Lee, Jae-Hee The Institute of Internet 2020 International journal of advanced smart convergenc Vol.9 No.2
Designing of a hierarchical clustering algorithm is one of the numerous approaches to minimize the energy consumption of the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this paper, a homogeneous and randomly deployed sensor nodes is considered. These sensors are energy constrained elements. The nominal selection of the Cluster Head (CH) which falls under the clustering part of the network protocol is studied and compared to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. CHs in this proposed process is the function of total remaining energy of each node as well as total average energy of the whole arrangement. The algorithm considers initial energy, optimum value of cluster heads to elect the next group of cluster heads for the network as well as residual energy. Total remaining energy of each node is compared to total average energy of the system and if the result is positive, these nodes are eligible to become CH in the very next round. Analysis and numerical simulations quantify the efficiency and Average Energy Ratio (AER) of the proposed system.
Subedi, Lalita,Baek, So-Hyeon,Kim, Sun Yeou Hindawi 2018 Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol.2018 No.-
<P>Resveratrol, a natural stilbenoid, is produced by several plants, especially grape vines. Its strong potency against obesity, metabolic disorders, vascular disease, inflammation, and various cancers has already been reported. Large amounts of wine or grapes need to be consumed to obtain the amount of resveratrol required for biological activity. Pure resveratrol at concentrations as low as 10 <I>μ</I>M induces cytotoxicity to normal cells. To overcome these limitations, we prepared genetically modified resveratrol-enriched rice (RR). We previously reported the strong antiaging potential of RR against ultraviolet B/reactive oxygen species-induced toxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). As aging is characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, we further evaluated the role of RR against LPS-induced neuroinflammation. RR inhibited nitric oxide production and the expression of inflammatory proteins such as iNOS and COX-2. RR significantly modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, activator protein AP-1 signaling, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-<I>κ</I>B) mediated transcription of inflammatory proteins via inhibition of NF-<I>κ</I>B translocation, IkB phosphorylation, and proinflammatory cytokine productions such as interleukin IL-6, IL-1<I>β</I>, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-<I>α</I>), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These findings show that the strong antineuroinflammatory effects of RR can be beneficial for aging-mediated neurodegenerative conditions as well as disorders of the central nervous system caused by neuroinflammation.</P>
Subedi, Krishna P.,Son, Min-Jeong,Chidipi, Bojjibabu,Kim, Seong-Woo,Wang, Jun,Kim, Kyeong-Hee,Woo, Sun-Hee,Kim, Joon-Chul S. Karger AG 2017 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.41 No.1
<P><B><I>Background/Aims:</I></B> Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the α<Sub>1</Sub>-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) activate cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor implicated in cardiac hypertrophy. The signaling pathway involved in CREB activation by these hypertrophic stimuli is poorly understood. We examined signaling pathways for ET-1- or PE-induced cardiac CREB activation. <B><I>Methods:</I></B> Western blotting was performed with pharmacological and genetic interventions in rat ventricular myocytes. <B><I>Results:</I></B> ET-1 and PE increased CREB phosphorylation, which was inhibited by blockade of phospholipase C, the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, protein kinase C (PKC) or Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Intracellular Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> buffering decreased ET-1- and PE-induced CREB phosphorylation by ≥80%. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> pump inhibitor, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP<Sub>3</Sub>R) blockers, or type 2 IP<Sub>3</Sub>R (IP<Sub>3</Sub>R2) knock-out abolished ET-1- or PE-induced CREB phosphorylation. ET-1 and PE increased phosphorylation of CaMKII and ERK1/2, which was eliminated by IP<Sub>3</Sub>R blockade/knock-out or PKC inhibition. Activation of CaMKII, but not ERK1/2, by these agonists was sensitive to Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> buffering or to Gö6976, the inhibitor of Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-dependent PKC and protein kinase D (PKD). <B><I>Conclusion:</I></B> CREB phosphorylation by ET-1 and PE may be mainly mediated by IP<Sub>3</Sub>R2/Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-PKC-PKD-CaMKII signaling with a minor contribution by ERK1/2, linked to IP<Sub>3</Sub>R2 and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-independent PKC, in ventricular myocytes.</P>
Subedi, Lalita,Venkatesan, Ramu,Kim, Sun Yeou MDPI 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.7
<P>Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), present in <I>Wasabia japonica</I> (wasabi), is an aliphatic isothiocyanate derived from the precursor sinigrin, which is a glucosinolate present in vegetables of the Brassica family. Traditionally, it has been used to treat rheumatic arthralgia, blood circulation, and pain. This study focuses on its anti-apoptotic activity through the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we assessed its neuroprotective efficacy, which it achieves through the upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) production. Pretreatment with AITC significantly inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) production in activated microglia, and increased the nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells. AITC inhibited the nuclear factor (NF-κB-mediated transcription by modulating mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, particularly downregulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, which was followed by a reduction in the TNF-α expression in activated microglia. This promising effect of AITC in controlling JNK/NF-κB/TNF-α cross-linking maintains the <I>Bcl-2</I> gene family and protects neuroblastoma cells from activated microglia-induced toxicity. These findings provide novel insights into the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AITC on microglial cells, which may have clinical significance in neurodegeneration.</P>
On Left SF-Rings and Strongly Regular Rings
Subedi, Tikaram,Buhphang, Ardeline Mary Department of Mathematics 2016 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.56 No.3
A ring R called left SF if its simple left modules are at. Regular rings are known to be left SF-rings. However, till date it is unknown whether a left SF-ring is necessarily regular. In this paper, we prove the strong regularity of left (right) complement bounded left SF-rings. We also prove the strong regularity of a class of generalized semi-commutative left SF-rings.
Subedi, Lalita,Cho, KyoHee,Park, Yong Un,Choi, Hyuk Joon,Kim, Sun Yeou Hindawi 2019 Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol.2019 No.-
<P>Activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a key pathogenic role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and ischemia. Sulforaphane is an active compound produced after conversion of glucoraphanin by the myrosinase enzyme in broccoli (<I>Brassica oleracea</I> var) sprouts. Dietary broccoli extract as well as sulforaphane has previously known to mitigate inflammatory conditions in aged models involving microglial activation. Here, we produced sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts through the pretreatment of pulsed electric fields in order to trigger the biological role of normal broccoli against lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. The sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts showed excellent potency against neuroinflammation conditions, as evidenced by its protective effects in both 6 and 24 h of microglial activation <I>in vitro</I>. We further postulated the underlying mechanism of action of sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts, which was the inhibition of an inflammatory cascade <I>via</I> the downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Simultaneously, sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts inhibited the LPS-induced activation of the NF-<I>κ</I>B signaling pathway and the secretions of inflammatory proteins (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-<I>α</I>, IL-6, IL-1<I>β</I>, PGE2, etc.), which are responsible for the inflammatory cascades in both acute and chronic inflammation. It also upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in normal and activated microglia followed by the lowered neuronal apoptosis induced by activated microglia. Based on these results, it may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects via the NF-<I>κ</I>B and Nrf2 pathways. Interestingly, sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts improved the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice through Nrf2 activation, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis particularly through inhibition of caspase-3 activation which could lead to the neuroprotection against neurodegenerative disorders. The present study suggests that sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprouts might be a potential nutraceutical with antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities.</P>
Anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of the Lindera neesiana fruit in vitro
Subedi, L.,Gaire, B.P.,Do, M.H.,Lee, T.H.,Kim, S.Y. G. Fischer 2016 Phytomedicine Vol.23 No.8
<P>Background: Lindera neesiana Kurz (Lauraceae), popularly known as Siltimur in Nepal, is an aromatic and spicy plant with edible fruits. It is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of diarrhea, tooth pain, headache, and gastric disorders and is also used as a stimulant. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to examine in vitro cytoprotective, anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective potential of an aqueous extract of L. neesiana (LNE) fruit using different central nervous system (CNS) cell lines. Methods: In order to study the neuroprotective potential of LNE, we used three different types of CNS cell lines: murine microglia (BV2), rat glioma (C6), and mouse neuroblastoma (N2a). Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent, and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and nerve growth factor (NGF) release in the culture media was determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins, Bax, B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2, and cleaved caspase 3. Neurite outgrowth was determined using the IncuCyte imaging system. Results: LNE treatment not only reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner, but also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated BV-2 cells. LNE increased the expression of phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas p-p38 and p- janus kinase (JNK) expression was significantly decreased in activated microglia. Furthermore, LNE increased cell viability of N2a cells, which was accompanied by decreased caspase-3 expression and the ratio of Bax/Bcl2 protein expression as well as increased NGF and neurite outgrowth, suggesting its neuroprotective potential against LPS-induced effects. Additionally, LNE substantially increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) secretion in N2a cells and inhibited lipid dehydrogenase (LDH) release in H2O2-stimulated BV2 cells demonstrating the strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of LNE in CNS cell lines. Conclusion: Here we found that water the soluble extract of LNE has promising anti-neuroinflammation and anti-apoptotic properties and identify LNE as a potential natural candidate for neuroprotection. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier GmbH.</P>