Analysis of Fredkin Logic Circuit in Nanotechnology : An Efficient Approach

Md. Abdullah-Al-Shafi 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.2

In last few decades, typical lithography based VLSI technology used to improve higher scale integration, low switching speed and low powered computing of semiconductor constituents. However, this trend meets severe challenges of tunneling, short-channel effects andleakage current. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the promising substitutions to traditional semiconductor-based technology which proposed aunique scheme of information transmutation as well as computation.QCA hold the assurance of rapid speeds, higher switching frequency, highlyscalable feature and notably reduced sizes. In this paper, an efficient layout of fredkin gate is proposed based on QCA and CMOS technology which lessened total covered area, the number of cell and clock, latency timeand number of coplanar wire crossing compared with the earlier design also the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) of proposed fredkin gate is presented. For simulating and confirming the proposed circuit QCADesigner and Microwindlite, familiar verification and simulation tools has been occupied. The proposed design has a promising prospective in the organizing of nanoscale low power exhausting information processing system and can stimulate complex digital applications in QCA.

Novel Binary to Gray Code Converters in QCA with Power Dissipation Analysis

Md. Abdullah-Al-Shafi,Ali Newaz Bahar 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.11 No.8

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) are pledging nanotechnology which has been used widely in digital circuits and systems. Conventional lithography based VLSI model encounter acute challenges of tunneling, variation of doping and short channel issue. In a remarkably fast development of VLSI technology, it is the cardinal of the age to reach a stable model with area and low power consumption. QCA is a promising alternative to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology with many enticing features such as high-speed, low power consumption and higher switching frequency than transistor based technology. The code converters are the basic unit for transformation of data to execute arithmetic processes. In this paper, a novel QCA based 2-bit binary-to-gray, 3-bit binary-to-gray, and 4-bit binary-to-gray code converter have been proposed. The proposed design reduces the number of cells, area, and raises switching speed. The energy dissipation by the proposed circuits are evaluated which certifies the prospect of QCA nano-circuit presenting as a substitute level for the attainment of reversible circuits. The consistency of the proposed circuits is tested under thermal randomness that reveal the functioning effectiveness of the circuits. The proposed circuits are simulated using QCADesigner and Microwindlite tool which is widely used for simulation and verification.

Mobile On-demand Computing: The Future Generation of Cloud

Md. Abdullah-Al-Shafi,Ali Newaz Bahar,Sajeeb Saha 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.11

Cloud computing furnishes a unique term of computing and becomes a buzzword to its overwhelming trade prospects. Cloud computing achieved an impetus and is remodeling the internet based computing framework as well as raise the proficiency of mobile systems. Mobile cloud computing or on-demand computing is attaining fame among mobile users and mobile devices can use clouds for various exhaustive applications like storage or information processing. Mobile cloud computing overcomes performance-related difficulties such as battery and storage capacity as well as communication and environment connected affairs like security, availability, and privacy. Still, mobile on-demand computing beneath anticipation because of privacy and security perils. This paper presents an analysis of mobile cloud computing along with its architectural basis and challenges as well as the security considerations. The objective of this paper is to subsidize a superior perceptive on mobile cloud computing and identify further imminent research directions.

Fenugreek Induced Apoptosis in Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells Mediated Independently by Fas Receptor Change

Alshatwi, Ali Abdullah,Shafi, Gowhar,Hasan, Tarique Noorul,Syed, Naveed Ahmed,Khoja, Kholoud Khalid Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.10

Trigonella foenum in graecum (Fenugreek) is a traditional herbal plant used to treat disorders like diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, gastrointestinal ailments, and it is believed to have anti-tumor properties, although the mechanisms for the activity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we prepared a methanol extract from Fenugreek whole plants and investigated the mechanism involved in its growth-inhibitory effect on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was evidenced by investigating trypan blue exclusion, TUNEL and Caspase 3, 8, 9, p53, FADD, Bax and Bak by real-time PCR assays inducing activities, in the presence of FME at $65{\mu}g/mL$ for 24 and 48 hours. FME induced apoptosis was mediated by the death receptor pathway as demonstrated by the increased level of Fas receptor expression after FME treatment. However, such change was found to be absent in Caspase 3, 8, 9, p53, FADD, Bax and Bak, which was confirmed by a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In summary, these data demonstrate that at least 90% of FME induced apoptosis in breast cell is mediated by Fas receptor-independently of either FADD, Caspase 8 or 3, as well as p53 interdependently.

A Taxonomy of Grid Resource Selection Mechanisms

Adil Yousif,Abdul Hanan Abdullah,Muhammad Shafie Abd Latiff,Mohammed Bakri Bashir 보안공학연구지원센터(IJGDC) 2011 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.4 No.3

Lack of Association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Variants with Breast Cancer in an Ethnic Population of Saudi Arabia, an Emerging High-Risk Area

Hasan, Tarique Noorul,Shafi, Gowhar,Syed, Naveed Ahmed,Alsaif, Mohammed Abdullah,Alsaif, Abdulaziz Abdullah,Alshatwi, Ali Abdullah Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.10

Incidence of breast cancer shows geographical variation, even within areas of ethnic homogeneity. Saudi Arabia has witnessed an increase in occurrence of breast cancer in its unexplored ethnic populations over the past few years. We aimed at determining whether any association exists between single nucleotide polymorphisms in breast cancer associated gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer associated gene 2 (BRCA2) and the risk of breast cancer. TaqMan based Real Time Polymerase chain reaction genotyping assays were used to determine the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in BRCA1 (rs799917) and BRCA2 (rs144848) in a group of 100 breast cancer patients and unaffected age matched controls of Saudi Arabian origin. The present data revealed that neither BRCA1 nor the BRCA2 studied variant show any significant association with the disease. This study failed to find any role of the concerned variants in breast cancer either as risk or as prognostic factors. The small number of patients registered was one of the limitations of this study. In summary, comparison of mutation profile with other ethnic populations and regions reflected both differences and similarities indicating co-exposure to a unique set of risk factors. The differences could be due to exposure to particular environmental carcinogens; different lifestyle, reproductive pattern; dietary or cultural practices of Saudi Arabian women that need further investigations.

Roles of p53 and Caspases in Induction of Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Treated with a Methanolic Extract of Nigella Sativa Seeds

Alhazmi, Mohammed I.,Hasan, Tarique N.,Shafi, Gowhar,Al-Assaf, Abdullah H.,Alfawaz, Mohammed A.,Alshatwi, Ali A. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.22

Background: Nigella Sativa (NS) is an herb from the Ranunculaceae family that exhibits numerous medicinal properties and has been used as important constituent of many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs). The ability of NS to kill cancer cells such as PC3, HeLa and hepatoma cells is well established. However, our understanding of the mode of death caused by NS remains nebulous. The objective of this study was to gain further insight into the mode and mechanism of death caused by NS in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Materials and Methods: Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were treated with a methanolic extract of NS, and a dose- and time-dependent study was performed. The $IC_{50}$ was calculated using a Cell Titer $Blue^{(R)}$ viability assay assay, and evidence for DNA fragmentation was obtained by fluorescence microscopy TUNEL assay. Gene expression was also profiled for a number of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, -8, -9 and p53 genes) through qPCR. Results: The $IC_{50}$ of MCF-7 cells was $62.8{\mu}L/mL$. When MCF-7 cells were exposed to $50{\mu}L/mL$ and $100{\mu}L/mL$ NS for 24h, 48h and 72h, microscopic examination (TUNEL assay) revealed a dose- and time-dependent increase in apoptosis. Similarly, the expression of the Caspase-3, -8, -9 and p53 genes increased significantly according to the dose and time. Conclusions: NS induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through both the p53 and caspase pathways. NS could potentially represent an alternative source of medicine for breast cancer therapy.

PRESSURE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEY

Khasawneh, Ahmad,Bin Abd Latiff, Muhammad Shafie,Chizari, Hassan,Tariq, MoeenUddin,Bamatraf, Abdullah Korean Society for Internet Information 2015 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.9 No.2

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are similar to the terrestrial sensor networks. Nevertheless, there are different characteristics among them such as low battery power, limited bandwidth and high variable propagation delay. One of the common major problems in UWSNs is determining an efficient and reliable routing between the source node and the destination node. Therefore, researchers tend to design efficient protocols with consideration of the different characteristics of underwater communication. Furthermore, many routing protocols have been proposed and these protocols may be classified as location-based and location-free routing protocols. Pressure-based routing protocols are a subcategory of the location-free routing protocols. This paper focuses on reviewing the pressure-based routing protocols that may further be classified into non-void avoidance protocols and void avoidance protocols. Moreover, non-void avoidance protocols have been classified into single factor based and multi factor based routing protocols. Finally, this paper provides a comparison between these protocols based on their features, performance and simulation parameters and the paper concludes with some future works on which further study can be conducted.

Return-on-Investment Measurement and Assessment of Research Fund: A Case Study in Malaysia

Nur Azura SANUSI,Noor Hayati Akma SHAFIEE,Nor Ermawati HUSSAIN,Zuha Rosufila ABU HASAN,Mohd Lazim ABDULLAH,Nor Hayati SA’AT 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.9

This study estimates the financial value of return on investment (ROI) of research funds. Four simulation estimations are employed to measure ROI finance value that considers the outputs, outcomes, impacts and total ROI from the allocation input received. Research outputs, outcomes, and impacts can be quantitatively measured based on improvements to existing systems. In terms of input, the Malaysian government has allocated MYR301,350,000 for fundamental research in the 2021 budget compared with 2019, up 9.5 percent from 2019. It brings up the question: To what extent does the input of research funds allocated by the government yield a good return in outputs, outcomes, and impacts to the academic community, society, and country? The result of total ROI shows around MYR7 return is generated by researchers for each Malaysian ringgit channeled by the funder. More specifically, for a research project, it is more difficult to produce impacts and outcomes compared to research outputs. The positive return is evidence that all the allocated funds are beneficial to the stakeholders. The government can apply this approach in calculating ROI for evaluation and fund allocation to universities. Furthermore, the positive financial value of research output, outcome, and impact automatically contribute to a positive innovation environment in Malaysia.

Computed Tomographic Morphometric Analysis of C1 and C2 for Lamina Cross Screw Placement in Malay Ethnicity

Chan Allan Kah Hay,Yusof Mohd Imran,Abdullah Mohd Shafie 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.1

Study Design: This is an observational study of computed tomography (CT) data.Purpose: The C1 and C2 laminas in the Malaysian Malay population were analyzed for the feasibility of fitting 3.5-mm laminar screws in a cross configuration.Overview of Literature: Morphometric analysis of the C1 and C2 laminas has been performed for various populations but not for the Malaysian Malay population.Methods: A total of 330 CT cervical images were measured to establish the bicortical diameter of the C1 and C2 laminas as well as their height and length. The C1 posterior tubercle bicortical diameter and height were also determined from these images. All parameters were measured up to 0.1 mm, and statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). An independent t -test and the Pearson chi-square test were used to determine the mean difference and screw acceptance.Results: The means of the C1 lamina measurements were 5.79±1.19 mm in diameter, 9.76±1.51 mm in height, and 20.70±1.86 mm in length. The means of the measurements of the posterior tubercle were 7.20±1.88 mm in diameter and 10.51±1.68 mm in height. The means of the C2 lamina measurements were 5.74±1.31 mm in diameter, 11.76±1.69 mm in height, and 24.96±2.56 mm in length. Overall 65.5% of C1 and 80.3% of C2 laminas are able to accept 3.5-mm screws in a cross configuration. Screw acceptability is similar between the right and left sides (p >0.05). However, males have a higher screw acceptability compared with females (p <0.05), except for the C2 left lamina.Conclusions: It is feasible to insert a 3.5-mm screw in a cross configuration in the C1 and C2 laminas of the Malaysian Malay population, especially in males. However, a CT scan should be performed prior to the operation to determine screw acceptability and to estimate screw sizes.