渤海人의 契丹 內地로의 강제 遷徙와 居住地 檢討

임상선(LIM Sang-sun) 고구려발해학회 2013 고구려발해연구 Vol.47 No.-

渤海 멸망 이전 契丹의 遼東 지역 점유 과정으로부터 928년 東丹國의 遷徙에 이르기까지 渤海 지역에서 契丹 內地로의 渤海人의 천사를 『遼史』 地理志를 중심으로 검토해 보았다. 발해가 멸망하기 이전에 거란 지역에서 발해인이 거주한 곳으로는 上京道에서는 臨潢府의 潞縣, 饒州의 長樂縣이 있다. 東京道에서는 遼州, 同州의 東平縣·永昌縣, 瀋州 소속 巖州의 白巖縣, 廣州, 銀州, 辰州가 있었다. 926년 발해 멸망 직후, 발해인이 천사된 지역으로는 上京道에서 臨潢府의 長泰縣, 定?縣, 保和縣, 宣化縣이고, 祖州의 長?縣, 懷州의 扶餘縣·顯理縣, 慶州의 富義縣, 永州의 長寧縣·義?縣, 饒州의 臨河縣·安民縣에 발해인이 있었다. 東京道에서는 通州의 扶餘縣·顯義縣·强帥縣, 龍州의 黃龍縣·遷民縣, 韓州가 있고, 이밖에 중경도 錦州 소속의 巖州도 발해 포로로 이루어진 주였다. 928년 12월부터 거란은 後患을 염려하여 옛 발해 지역에 있던 東丹國과 그 주민을 거란 지역으로 천사시켰다. 발해 上京龍泉府는 東京遼陽府의 遼陽縣·仙鄕縣·鶴野縣·析木縣·興遼縣, 그리고 湖州와 渤州로 천사되었고, 中京玄德府는 盧州·鐵州·興州는 발해와 거란의 주의 명칭이 같고, 거란 崇州는 발해 榮州를 잘못 표기한 것으로 생각된다. 東京龍原府의 慶州가 거란에서는 開州로 명칭이 바뀌었고, 나머지 鹽·穆·賀 3州는 명칭이 바뀌지 않은채 옮겨졌다. 西京鴨?府의 神州는 거란에서는 ?州로 개칭되고, 나머지 桓州, ?州, 正州는 명칭이 바뀌지 않았으며, 南京南海府의 沃州는 거란에서는 海州로 바뀌고, 해주의 소속 주인 耀州와 嬪州는 남경남해부의 椒州와 晴州가 명칭이 바뀌어 옮겨간 것이다. 5경 이외에 遂州와 信州는 발해의 懷遠府에 있던 주민이 옮겨간 곳이고, 발해의 특수한 주인 ?州·銅州·涑州의 3개 州도 천사되었다. 『요사』 지리지에서 천사 시기를 밝히지 않고, ‘本 무슨 무슨 곳 --- 故縣’, 혹은 ‘故縣’ 만으로 표시된 州, 縣은 東丹國이 천사될 때의 주, 현인 것으로 보인다. 다만, 천사된 戶는 각 府·州·縣의 지배적 집단이었을 가능성이 높고, 그 호수는 모두 발해인이라 하더라도, 이것이 각 부·주·현의 전체 호수라고는 할 수 없을 것이다. This study reviewed the Balhe People’s deportation from their Balhae territory to the inland of Gulran during the period from the Gulan tribal’s occupation on the Liadong region before the Balhe’s fall to the nation Dongran’s deportation in 928 around the geographic book 『The Khitans’ History』 As the areas that Balhae people had resided in Khitan’s ruling region before the Nation Balhae fell, there were Ro-hyun in Limwhang-bu, Sanggyeong-do and Jangak-hyun in Yo-ju. In Donggyeong-do, some Balhae people lived in Ryo-ju, Dongpyung-hyun and Yeongchang-hyun in Dong-ju, Baekam-hyun in Am-ju govered by Sim-ju, Gawng-ju, Eun-ju, and Jin-ju. Immediately after the Nation Balhae fell in 926, some Balhe people were forcibly moved to Jangtae-hyun, Jeongpae-hyun, Bowha-hyun and Seonwha-hyun in Limwhang-bu, Sanggyeong-do, Jangpae-hyun in Jo-ju, or Buyeo-hyun and Hyeon-rhiyun in Whoi-ju, Buihyun in Geyong-ju, Jangneyong-hyun and Woipung-hyun in Yeong-ju, or Limha-hyun and Anmin-hyun in Yo-ju. In Donggyeong-do, as the regions where the Balhae people lived, there were Buyeo-hyn and Hyunwoi-hyun and Gangsu-hyun in Tong-ju, Whangryonghyun, Cheonmin-hyun in Yong-ju, and Han-ju. Besides, Am-ju governed by Geum-ju, Junggyeong-do was made of Balhae captives. Sine Decemer in 928, the Khitan government forcibly moved the people of nation Dongran which had founded in the former Balhae’s territory to some regions governed by the Nation Khitan in order to prevent Dongra’s people’s resistance. The residents in Sanggyeong Yeongcheon-bu, the capital of former Balhae were forcibly moved to Royang-hun, Seonhayng-hyun, Hakya-hyun, Seokmokhyun, and Hongro-hyun in Donggyeong Yoyang-bu, and some residents were forcibly moved to the regions of Ho-ju and Bal-ju. It is considered that the Ro-ju, Cheol-ju, and Heung-ju, the adminstrative districts of Junggyeong Hyunduk-bu might have the same names with Nation Khitan’s regions, and Sung-ju under the Nation Khitan might mistakenly been written the Yeongju under the Nation Balhae. Gyeong-ju in Donggyeong Yongwonbu changed its name into Gae-ju under the Nation Khitan, and the 3 states of Yeom-ju, Mok-ju and Ha-ju remanied their names. Shin-ju in Seogyeong Aprok-bu changed its name into Rok-ju under the Nation Khitan, and the rest s3tates of Whan-ju, Pung-ju and Jeong-ju remained their names. Ok-ju in Namgyoeng Namhae-bu was changed its name to Hae-ju under the Nation Khitan, and the both states of Yo-ju and Bin-hu governed by Hae-ju were the names changed from Cho-ju and Cheong-ju governed by Namgyeong Namhae-bu. Besides the 5 gyeongs, the both states of Su-ju and Sin-hu were the regions where the Balhae residents living lived in Hhoiwon-bu under the Nation Balhae were forcibly moved into, and the residnets in 3 states specially managed by the Nation Balhae were forcibly moved to Yeongju, Dong-ju, and Sok-ju. Jus and Hyuns written in form of former 00 hyun or simply a former hyun not being writing the deportation period in the geographic book 『The Khitans’ History』 are considered as the jus and hyuns at the time when the residents of Nation Dongran were forcibly moved. But only it is very possible that forcibly moved houses(戶) might be the ruling groups of each Bu(府), Ju(州) or Hyun(縣), and even though the number of forcibly moved houses(Ho) might be composed of all Balhae people, they couldn’t be considered the number of total houses in each Bu, Ju or Hyun.

朴殷植의 『渤海太祖建國誌』의 검토

임상선(Lim, Sang-sun) 한국사학사학회 2004 韓國史學史學報 Vol.0 No.10

Balhaethaejogeongukji which was written by Park eun-sik in 1911 has many meanings in Balhae(渤海) history. Above all Balhaethaejogeongukji is the first book that dealt with Balhae history after the practical science period. This book means on the subject of the establishment of Balhaethaejo but also really described the whole Balhae history from the founding to the early 9th century. And this book dealt with various fields which included politics, society, culture, customs, diplomacy, geography and so on in the whole Balhae history. Second in the situation that had national rights taken away under the rule of Japanese imperialism Balhaethaejogeongukji studied the whole Balhae history with Koguryo(高句麗) which was an extension of noticing Manju(滿洲) area for life and an independence movement. Park eun-sik told it was important that we knew our history to recover our race and nation and the system followed Dangunchosun(檀君朝鮮), Koguryo and Balhae.Third it is different that Park eun-sik described the whole Balhae history on a survey on the other hand Chin chae-ho(申采浩)'s description about Balhae stayed the step on the theory of knowledge. It is a lot of analogous contents between Chin chae-ho's Doksasinron(讀史新論) was published in 1908 previous Park eun-sik and Park eun-sik's Balhaethaejogeongukji. Finally understanding Balhae history of Park eun-sik succeeded to previous realist and affected the study about Balhae history of contemporary and after nationalism historians greatly. Recognizing Nambukjo(南北朝) of Balhae and Shira(新羅) was affected by Yu dekgong(柳得恭), Kim jeng-ho(金正浩) and Kim taek-young(金澤榮). Men who recognized and emphasized that Balhae acceded to Koguryo and had great importance in Korean history were Yu dek-gong, Kim taek-young, Jang ji-yeon(張志淵), Chin chae-ho and so on. And Park eun-sik exerted great influence on recognizing Balhae of Shin gyu-sik(申圭植), Jang do-bin (張道斌), Kwon duk-gyu(權悳奎), Hwang ui-don(黃義敦) and Kim sang-gi(金庠基) after Balhaethaejogeongukji.

Allele Frequencies of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to the Body Burden of Heavy Metals in the Korean Population and Their Ethnic Differences

Sang-Yong Eom,Ji-Ae Lim,Yong-Dae Kim,Byung-Sun Choi,Myung Sil Hwang,Jung-Duck Park,Heon Kim,Ho-Jang Kwon 한국독성학회 2016 Toxicological Research Vol.32 No.3

This study was performed to select single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the body burden of heavy metals in Koreans, to provide Korean allele frequencies of selected SNPs, and to assess the difference in allele frequencies with other ethnicities. The candidate-gene approach method and genome-wide association screening were used to select SNPs related to the body burden of heavy metals. Genotyping analysis of the final 192 SNPs selected was performed on 1,483 subjects using the VeraCode Goldengate assay. Allele frequencies differences and genetic differentiations between the Korean population and Chinese (CHB), Japanese (JPT), Caucasian (CEU), and African (YIR) populations were tested by Fisher’s exact test and fixation index (FST), respectively. The Korean population was genetically similar to the CHB and JPT populations (FST < 0.05, for all SNPs in both populations). However, a significant difference in the allele frequencies between the Korean and CEU and YIR populations were observed in 99 SNPs (60.7%) and 120 SNPs (73.6%), respectively. Ten (6.1%) and 26 (16.0%) SNPs had genetic differentiation (FST > 0.05) among the Korean-CEU and Korean-YIR comparisons, respectively. The SNP with the largest FST value between the Korean and African populations was cystathionine-β-synthase rs234709 (FST: KOR-YIR, 0.309; KOR-CEU, 0.064). Our study suggests that interethnic differences exist in SNPs associated with heavy metals of Koreans, and it should be considered in future studies that address ethnic differences in heavy-metal concentrations in the body and genetic susceptibility to the body burden of heavy metals.

Nitrogen Isotope Compositions of Synthetic Fertilizer, Raw Livestock Manure Slurry, and Composted Livestock Manure

Sang-Sun Lim(임상선),Sang-Mo Lee(이상모),Seung-Heon Lee(이승헌),Woo-Jung Choi(최우정) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.4

화학비료, 가축분뇨 및 퇴비 등 주요 질소원의 질소동위원소비 (δ<SUP>15</SUP>N) 차이를 조사하기 위해 각각 8, 4, 37점의 시료를 채취하여 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N을 분석하였다. 평균 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N 값은 화학비료가 -1.5 ± 0.5‰ (범위: -3.9~+0.5‰‰), 가축분뇨가 +6.3 ± 0.4‰ (+5.3~+7.2‰), 가축분퇴비가 +16.0 ± 0.4‰ (+9.3~+20.9‰)였다. 화학비료가 타 질소원에 비해 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N 값이 낮은 것은 화학비료 제조시 이용하는 질소원인 대기 N₂의 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N 값 (0‰)을 반영하기 때문이다. 반면, 가축분에 비해 퇴비의 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N 값이 높은 것은 퇴비화 과정 중 일어나는 질소손실 (특히, 암모니아 휘산)과 관련된 질소동위원소분할효과 (<SUP>14</SUP>N의 손실속도><SUP>15</SUP>N의 손실속도)에 의한 퇴비 중 <SUP>15</SUP>N 농축에 의한 결과로 판단된다. 따라서, 본 연구는 δ<SUP>15</SUP>N 분석을 통해 현재 우리나라 농업 시스템에서 가장 널리 이용되고 있는 두 가지 질소원 (화학비료와 퇴비)을 구분할 수 있음을 보여준다. To investigate the difference in N isotope ratio (<SUP>15</SUP>N/<SUP>14</SUP>N, expressed as δ<SUP>15</SUP>N) among N sources (synthetic fertilizer, livestock manure, and manure compost), eight synthetic fertilizer, four livestock manure, and thirty-seven compost samples were collected and analyzed for δ<SUP>15</SUP>N. The mean δ<SUP>15</SUP>N values of N sources were -1.5 ± 0.5‰ (range: -3.9 to +0.5‰) for synthetic fertilizer, +6.3 ± 0.4‰ (+5.3 to +7.2‰) for manure, and +16.0 ± 0.4‰ (+9.3 to +20.9‰) for compost. The lower δ<SUP>15</SUP>N of synthetic fertilizer was attributed to its N source, atmospheric N2 of which δ<SUP>15</SUP>N is 0‰. Meanwhile, more <SUP>15</SUP>N-enrichment of compost than manure was assumed to be resulted from N isotopic fractionation (faster loss of <SUP>14</SUP>N-bearing compound than <SUP>15</SUP>N) associated with N loss particularly via NH3 volatilization during composting. Therefore, our study shows that δ15N values could successfully serve in discriminating two major N sources (synthetic fertilizer and compost) in agricultural system.

Characterization of Korean Native yews by using RAPD markers

Sang Soo Kwak,Byung Yun sun,Yong Pyo Lim,Jang R. Liu,Moon Soon Lee,Myung Suk Choi 한국생약학회 1995 생약학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Dry Matter Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Sorghum×Sudangrass Hybrid Grown with Different Rates of Livestock Manure Compost

Sang-Sun Lim(임상선),Sang-Mo Lee(이상모),Seung-Heon Lee(이승헌),Woo-Jung Choi(최우정) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.4

가축분 퇴비 시용 수준에 따른 수수×수단그라스 (S×S hybrid)의 수량 및 양분 (N, P)흡수 변이를 조사하기 위해 전남대학교 부속 농장 초지에서 3반복 난괴법으로 실험을 실시하였다. 6개 처리 (무비구, 화학비료관행구, 퇴비 1, 2, 4, 6 수준)를 두었는데, 화학비료관행구의 비료 처리량은 질소 20 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP>과 인산 20 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>이고, 가축분 퇴비는 6 수준을 기준시비량 (20.2 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP>과 21.6 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>)으로 두고 퇴비 1, 2, 4 수준은 그 비율대로 감비하였다. 처리 90일 후 최종 지상부 건물중과 양분 (N, P) 흡수량을 조사하였다. 화학비료 처리구의 건물중 (2.4 kg m<SUP>-2</SUP>)과 질소 (38.3 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP>) 및 인산(15.3 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>) 흡수량이 가장 높았으며, 퇴비 시용량이 증가함에 따라 건물중과 양분 흡수량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다(P<0.01). 하지만, 퇴비 4와 6 수준의 건물중은 각각 1.9 kg m-2<SUP></SUP>과 1.8 kg m<SUP>-2</SUP>으로 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 가축분 퇴비 단독 시비로는 화학비료와 대등한 건물 생산이 어려울 것으로 판단되었다. 양분흡수효율 분석 결과에 의하면 퇴비의 인산흡수효율이 화학비료보다 높았기 때문에, 퇴비를 인산 급원으로 시용하고 부족한 질소는 농가의 비료자원 수급 가능성과 목표수량을 고려하여 액비, 화학비료, 녹비 등으로 공급하는 것이 적절한 시비 전략으로 판단된다. To investigate the growth and nutrient uptake response of sorghum×sudangrass (S×S) hybrid to different rate of livestock manure compost, a field experiment was conducted in the experimental grassland of Chonnam National University. Six treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with triplicates; control (no input), synthetic fertilizer (20 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP> and 20 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>), compost 1 (3.4 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP> and 3.6 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>), compost 2 (6.8 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP> and 7.2 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>), compost 4 (13.4 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP> and 14.4 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>), and compost 6 (20.2 g N m<SUP>-2</SUP> and 21.6 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>). Ninety days after treatment, above-ground parts of the plants were harvested and measured for dry matter yield (DMY) and amounts of nutrients (N and P) uptake. Synthetic fertilizer application achieved the greatest DMY (2.4 kg m<SUP>-2</SUP>) and nutrient uptake (38.3 g N m-2<SUP></SUP> and 15.3 g P₂O5 m<SUP>-2</SUP>). Increasing compost application rate tended to enhance DMY accumulation and nutrient uptake (P<0.01), but DMYs of compost 4 (1.9 kg m<SUP>-2</SUP>) and 6 (1.8 kg m<SUP>-2</SUP>) treatments were not different. Therefore, it was suggested that application compost alone may not achieve DMY of S×S hybrid compatible to synthetic fertilizer application. As nutrient uptake efficiency data showed that availability of compost P could be better than SF, it might be a strategy to apply compost as P source with supplementary N application such as liquid manure, SF or green manure if necessary considering availabilityof N input and the yield goals.

The Comparison of Emergency Medical Service Responses to and Outcomes of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Area of Korea

Lim Daesung,Park Song Yi,Choi Byungho,Kim Sun Hyu,류지호,Kim Yong Hwan,Sung Ae Jin,Bae Byung Kwan,Kim Han Byeol 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.36

Background: Since the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, COVID-19 has affected the responses of emergency medical service (EMS) systems to cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on EMS responses to and outcomes of adult OHCA in an area of South Korea. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of adult OHCA patients attended by EMS providers comparing the EMS responses to and outcomes of adult OHCA during the COVID-19 pandemic to those during the pre-COVID-19 period. Propensity score matching was used to compare the survival rates, and logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the survival of OHCA patients. Results: A total of 891 patients in the pre-COVID-19 group and 1,063 patients in the COVID-19 group were included in the final analysis. During the COVID-19 period, the EMS call time was shifted to a later time period (16:00–24:00, P < 0.001), and the presence of an initial shockable rhythm was increased (pre-COVID-19 vs. COVID-19, 7.97% vs. 11.95%, P = 0.004). The number of tracheal intubations decreased (5.27% vs. 1.22%, P < 0.001), and the use of mechanical chest compression devices (30.53% vs. 44.59%, P < 0.001) and EMS response time (median [quartile 1-quartile 3], 7 [5–10] vs. 8 [6–11], P < 0.001) increased. After propensity score matching, the survival at admission rate (22.52% vs. 18.24%, P = 0.025), survival to discharge rate (7.77% vs. 5.52%, P = 0.056), and favorable neurological outcome (5.97% vs. 3.49%, P < 0.001) decreased. In the propensity score matching analysis of the impact of COVID-19, odds ratios of 0.768 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.592–0.995) for survival at admission and 0.693 (95% CI, 0.446–1.077) for survival to discharge were found. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 period, there were significant changes in the EMS responses to OHCA. These changes are considered to be partly due to social distancing measures. As a result, the proportion of patients with an initial shockable rhythm in the COVID-19 period was greater than that in the pre-COVID-19 period, but the final survival rate and favorable neurological outcome were lower.

Rate capability for Na-doped Li_1.167Ni_0.18Mn_0.548Co_0.105O₂ cathode material and characterization of Li-ion diffusion using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique

Lim, Sung Nam,Seo, Jung Yoon,Jung, Dae Soo,Ahn, Wook,Song, Hoon Sub,Yeon, Sun-Hwa,Park, Seung Bin Elsevier 2015 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.623 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Spherical Li<SUB>1.167</SUB> <SUB>−</SUB> <I> <SUB>x</SUB> </I>Na<I> <SUB>x</SUB> </I>Ni<SUB>0.18</SUB>Mn<SUB>0.548</SUB>Co<SUB>0.105</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> (0⩽ <I>x</I> ⩽0.1) particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis, and subjected to electrochemical characterization for lithium battery applications. It was confirmed that Na doping enhances the charge/discharge rate capability. The structure of prepared samples was characterized by XRD: the <I>c</I>-axis lattice parameter increases with increase in the amount of Na ions (parameterized by <I>x</I>, above). The Na-doped sample with <I>x</I> =0.05 shows capacities of 208 and 184mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at high current densities of 1.0C and 2.0C, respectively. These values are enhanced, compared to values of 189 and 167mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> for the bare sample. The ratio of the capacity at 1.0C to that at 0.1C is enhanced from 77% for the bare sample to 84% for the Na-doped sample with <I>x</I> =0.05. The Li diffusion coefficients obtained from the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) are higher for Na-doped samples than for the bare sample. In particular, the Na-doped sample (<I>x</I> =0.05), in the potential range around 4V, has a higher <I>D</I> <SUB>Li+</SUB> value of 3.34×10<SUP>−9</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>, compared with 1.35×10<SUP>−9</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> for the bare sample. The Na-doped samples (0< <I>x</I> <0.075) show high capacity retention: the Na-doped sample (<I>x</I> =0.05) shows a capacity retention of 92% compared to 83% for the bare sample.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Spherical Na-doped Li-rich cathode material prepared by spray pyrolysis. </LI> <LI> Na-doped samples show better rate capability than that of bare sample. </LI> <LI> Na-doped sample has higher <I>D</I> <SUB>Li+</SUB> value at 4V compared with that of the bare sample. </LI> <LI> The cycle performance was enhanced from 83% to 92%. </LI> </UL> </P>

Generation of Dopamine Neurons from Rodent Fibroblasts through the Expandable Neural Precursor Cell Stage

Lim, Mi-Sun,Chang, Mi-Yoon,Kim, Sang-Mi,Yi, Sang-Hoon,Suh-Kim, Haeyoung,Jung, Sung Jun,Kim, Min Jung,Kim, Jin Hyuk,Lee, Yong-Sung,Lee, Soo Young,Kim, Dong-Wook,Lee, Sang-Hun,Park, Chang-Hwan American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2015 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.290 No.28

<P>Recent groundbreaking work has demonstrated that combined expression of the transcription factors <I>Brn2</I>, <I>Ascl1</I>, and <I>Myt1L</I> (BAM; also known as Wernig factors) convert mouse fibroblasts into postmitotic neuronal cells. However, questions remain regarding whether trans-conversion is achieved directly or involves an intermediary precursor stage. Trans-conversion toward expandable neural precursor cells (NPCs) is more useful than direct one-step neuron formation with respect to yielding a sufficient number of cells and the feasibility of manipulating NPC differentiation toward certain neuron subtypes. Here, we show that co-expression of Wernig factors and <I>Bcl-xL</I> induces fibroblast conversion into NPCs (induced NPCs (iNPCs)) that are highly expandable for >100 passages. Gene expression analyses showed that the iNPCs exhibited high expression of common NPC genes but not genes specific to defined embryonic brain regions. This finding indicated that a regional identity of iNPCs was not established. Upon induction, iNPCs predominantly differentiated into astrocytes. However, the differentiation potential was not fixed and could be efficiently manipulated into general or specific subtypes of neurons by expression of additional genes. Specifically, overexpression of <I>Nurr1</I> and <I>Foxa2</I>, transcription factors specific for midbrain dopamine neuron development, drove iNPCs to yield mature midbrain dopamine neurons equipped with presynaptic DA neuronal functions. We further assessed the therapeutic potential of iNPCs in Parkinson disease model rats.</P>

Compost type effects on nitrogen leaching from Inceptisol, Ultisol, and Andisol in a column experiment

Lim, Sang-Sun,Kwak, Jin-Hyeob,Lee, Sun-Il,Lee, Dong-Suk,Park, Hyun-Jung,Hao, Xiying,Choi, Woo-Jung Springer-Verlag 2010 Journal of soils and sediments Vol.10 No.8