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Sport coaching as a ‘profession’
Patrick Duffy,Hazel Hartley,John Bales,Miguel Crespo,Frank Dick,Desiree Vardhan,Lutz Nordmann,Jose Curado 한국코칭능력개발원 2011 International Journal of Coaching Science Vol.5 No.2
The strategy of the International Council for Coach Education (ICCE) has placed the development of sport coaching as a profession at the core of the mission of the organisation. The authors examine the basis for this aspiration against criteria associated with established professions, taking into account the unique features of sport coaching. It is concluded that, at a global level, sport coaching does not meet a number of the traditional hallmarks of a profession, primarily due to its current position on key descriptors such as purpose, knowledge base, organisation and ethics. In addition, the lack of fit of traditional ‘right to practice’ provisions within the established professions is identified as problematic. Sport coaching status categories include volunteer coach, professional coach, and the preparatory category of pre-coach. It is suggested that sport coaching should define its future identity as a blended professional area, operating within the wider field of sport and physical activity. A series of actions is proposed to advance the international agenda, as part of an on-going process of professionalization. The implications for the future research and strategy of ICCE are also identified.
Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against malaria transmission and typhoid fever
An, So Jung,Scaria, Puthupparampil V.,Chen, Beth,Barnafo, Emma,Muratova, Olga,Anderson, Charles,Lambert, Lynn,Chae, Myung Hwa,Yang, Jae Seung,Duffy, Patrick E. Elsevier 2018 Vaccine Vol.36 No.21
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, such as polysaccharides, can be enhanced by conjugation to carriers. Our previous studies indicate that conjugation to Vi polysaccharide of <I>Salmonella</I> Typhi may also enhance immunogenicity of some protein carriers. We therefore explored the possibility of generating a bivalent vaccine against <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> malaria and typhoid fever, which are co-endemic in many parts of the world, by conjugating Vi polysaccharide, an approved antigen in typhoid vaccine, to Pfs25, a malaria transmission blocking vaccine antigen in clinical trials. Vi-Pfs25 conjugates induced strong immune responses against both Vi and Pfs25 in mice, whereas the unconjugated antigens are poorly immunogenic. Functional assays of immune sera revealed potent transmission blocking activity mediated by anti-Pfs25 antibody and serum bactericidal activity due to anti-Vi antibody. Pfs25 conjugation to Vi modified the IgG isotype distribution of antisera, inducing a Th2 polarized immune response against Vi antigen. This conjugate may be further developed as a bivalent vaccine to concurrently target malaria and typhoid fever.</P>