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Yuk, J.,Lee, S.,Nugraha, A.F.,Lee, H.,Park, S.H.,Yim, S.D.,Bae, B. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2016 Journal of membrane science Vol.518 No.-
We synthesized novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (SPAESs) multi-block copolymer membranes containing highly sulfonated hydrophilic blocks. Two different kinds of multi-block SPAESs sharing the same structure of hydrophobic blocks were proposed to investigate the membrane properties based on the effects of the hydrophilic blocks bearing sulfonic acids. The higher local concentration and acidity of the sulfonic acid groups in the hydrophilic block induced higher proton conductivity. The block SPAESs showed comparable proton conductivities to those of the state-of-the-art perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, and their transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed a well-developed phase separation. In particular, the SPAES 4 X10Y10 membrane showed excellent proton conductivity, which was higher than that of the PFSA over the entire relative humidity (RH) range at 80<SUP>o</SUP>C. Moreover, the multi-block SPAES membranes showed a comparable fuel cell performance to the Nafion membranes, even at 50% and 30% RH.
Msc,Fpe,Suprapto,Rahardja,Nugraha-B 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-
Following the ratification of Vienna Convention for Ozone Layer Protection and Montreal Protocol, Indonesia will implement the phasing-out of to halon at end 1996. Questions are increasing especially from the users where halon has used for many years as the most effective fire extinguishing agent, concerning halon substitutes, alternative systems as well as the handling and utilization of the existing halon. Halon can still be used for critical and essential uses, however, such usage has been gradually eliminated, due to the emergence of halon-like replacement. A concept of halon banking system is proposed to considered, taking into account several aspects such as enforced regulation, institutional involvement technology as well as financing. This paper gives a general overview regarding phase-out implementation, alternative extinguishing systems and concept on halon banking system with special reference to Indonesian case.