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        Studies of Atmospheric PM2.5 and its Inorganic Water Soluble Ions and Trace Elements around Southeast Asia: a Review

        Nadhira Dahari,Khalida Muda,Mohd Talib Latif,Norelyza Hussein 한국기상학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.57 No.2

        Air pollution is a worldwide issue that is mainly caused from excessive inhalation of hazardous PM2.5 pollutant that is emitted into the air. The objective of this study is to assess the fundamental knowledge revolving PM2.5 (particles aerodynamic diameter of lower than or equal to 2.5 μm) and its inorganic composition in ambient air of urban areas, mainly in Malaysia in comparison to other Southeast Asia countries. This research also investigates the theory of particle number concentration (PNC) with PM2.5, also the health effects and origins of the emissions. The factors affecting the PM2.5 mass include the local emission, El Nino phenomenon, land, meteorological effects, monsoons, rainfall events, sea breeze, transboundary pollution and seasonal changes. 24 h mean PM2.5 mass concentration for metropolitan regions in the SEA is in the range of 11 μgm−3 and 72.3 μgm−3, while between 5.30 μgm−3 and 55.89 μgm−3 for semi-urban zones. For rural area, the 24 h mean PM2.5 value is about 30 μgm−3. The findings indicate that metals inPM2.5 emission are frequently Pb, Se, Zn, Cd, As, Bi, Ba, Cu, Rb, V, Ni, Fe, Ca, Mn, Cr, Al, Si and K, where Zn has the uppermost range of 133.50 to 419.30 ngm−3 while the major water-soluble ions exist are NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, Na+, inwhichNa+, NH4 + and Cl- are present in aged sea salt and mixed industrial, Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in mineral dust, NH4 +, K+ and SO4 2− present in mixture of SIA and biomass burning. There is a high correlation between the particle mass concentration and PNC level, especially the ones in accumulation mode (PNC0.1–1.0) which are mostly originated from the emission of heavy traffic streets.

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        Life cycle assessment of diesel blending production

        Che Hafizan,Zainura Zainon Noor,Norelyza Hussein,Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli 대한환경공학회 2021 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.26 No.6

        The global transportation sector is one of the significant fuel consumers and contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions due to fossil fuel consumption. Diesel blending used to reduce the reliant of fossil diesel in the transportation sector. Thus to reduce the environmental burden of fuel usage, new diesel blending formulations consist of biofuels were developed. The objective of the study is to assess the environmental performance of the five new diesel blending formulations with the existing diesel blending formulation by using Life Cycle Assessment method. In midpoint categories, the conventional B5 diesel blending has shown the lowest environmental impact compared to other fuels in most categories except for marine eutrophication, natural land transformation, ozone depletion, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. In the weighting stage, B5 diesel blending scored the lowest value and followed by blending 5, thus indicating its potential as an alternative to the existing diesel blending formulation. The presence of butanol in the new diesel blending majorly affects the environmental impact for many impact categories.

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