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- 저자 : Nick E, Christians (검색결과 177 건)
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Development of Roundup Ready Bentgrass for the Control of Poa annua
Nick E. Christians(닉 크리스챤스),Jeong-Ho Lee(이정호) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2006 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.20 No.1
애뉴얼 블루그래스는 골프장에서 방제하기가 대단히 어려운 잡초이다. 방제가 어려운 이유로는 애뉴얼 블루그래스의 경우 불량환경에서도 왕성하게 종자생산을 할 수 있는 특성과 또한 낮은 예초환경에서도 적응력이 있기 때문이다. 하지만 무엇보다도 유전적으로 다양성이 있기 때문에 골프장의 잔디에 비해 우점할 수 있는 것이다. 일반적으로 애뉴얼 블루그래스는 일년생 한지형 잔디로, 생육형은 주형이다. 하지만 포복경이 있어 다년생의 특성을 갖는 생태형이 다른 애뉴얼 블루그래스도 있다. 골프장에서 애뉴얼 블루그래스 방제를 위해 화학적 방법과 재배적 방법에 관한 수많은 연구가 지난 85년간 진행되었다. 연구결과 일부 종류의 애뉴얼 블루그래스방제에 성공적인 결과도 있지만, 모든 종류의 애뉴얼 블루그래스 방제에 성공적인 방법은 아직 없는 실정이다. 이 모든 방제 방법들 중에 Roundup ready creeping bentgrass의 사용은 다양한 종류의 새포아풀을 방제 할 수 있다. Roundup readgy bentgrass는 Roundup에 내성이 있어 약해 피해 없이 생존이 가능하다. 따라서 골프장에서 이 새로운 기술을 활용하면 새포아풀이 없는 그린, 티, 훼어웨이를 유지할 수 있다. Annual bluegrass(Poa annua L.) is a problem weed that is very difficult to control on golf courses. There are some reasons that make Poa annua such a difficult weed to be controled. One of these reasons is this plant's ability to reproduce its seed even under stressful conditions. Another reason is its adaptation to low mowing heights. Above all things, the greatest competitive advantage of Poa annua is its genetic diversity. Generally, Poa annua is a bunch type and annual type cool-season grass, but some types act as weak perennials and have stolons. There has been much research on controlling annual bluegrass in golf course turf with chemical and cultural techniques. This research has been conducted for more than 85 years. There has been some progress in controlling some types of Poa annua, but these methods have not been successful on every biotype. Among all of the techniques, Roundup ready creeping bentgrass has the most promise of controlling the diverse types of Poa annua. Roundup ready bentgrass is capable of tolerating the effects of Roundup(glyphosate) while it kills other plants including Poa annua. By using this new technology, we can make Poa annua free greens, tees, and fairways.
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Pharmacodynamic principles and the time course of delayed and cumulative drug effects
Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2018 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.26 No.2
This tutorial reviews the principles of the concentration . effect relationship for the usual casewhen drug effects are delayed relative to changes in circulating concentrations. The key processesdetermining delay are distribution from the circulation to the receptor, binding to the receptorto produce a stimulus and translation of the receptor stimulus into an effect through turnover ofphysiological mediators. Some clinical outcomes are dependent on the accumulation of drug actionwhich is predictable in terms of basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts.
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Auxin stimulates its own transport by shaping actin filaments.
Nick, Peter,Han, Min-Jung,An, Gyeunhung American Society of Plant Physiologists 2009 Plant Physiology Vol.151 No.1
<P>The directional transport of the plant hormone auxin has been identified as central element of axis formation and patterning in plants. This directionality of transport depends on gradients, across the cell, of auxin-efflux carriers that continuously cycle between plasma membrane and intracellular compartments. This cycling has been proposed to depend on actin filaments. However, the role of actin for the polarity of auxin transport has been disputed. The organization of actin, in turn, has been shown to be under control of auxin. By overexpression of the actin-binding protein talin, we have generated transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) lines, where actin filaments are bundled to variable extent and, in consequence, display a reduced dynamics. We show that this bundling of actin filaments correlates with impaired gravitropism and reduced longitudinal transport of auxin. We can restore a normal actin configuration by addition of exogenous auxins and restore gravitropism as well as polar auxin transport. This rescue is mediated by indole-3-acetic acid and 1-naphthyl acetic acid but not by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. We interpret these findings in the context of a self-referring regulatory circuit between polar auxin transport and actin organization. This circuit might contribute to the self-amplification of auxin transport that is a central element in current models of auxin-dependent patterning.</P>
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Treatment response and disease progression
Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2019 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.27 No.4
This tutorial defines the concepts of disease progression in the context of clinical pharmacology. Disease progression describes the natural history of disease, such as pain, or biomarker of drugresponse, such as blood pressure. The action of a drug, such as inhibiting an enzyme or activating areceptor, leads to a change in disease status over time. Two main types of drug response can be definedbased on the pattern of the time course of disease status. The most common is a symptomaticeffect equivalent to a shift up or down of the natural history curve. Less common but quite clinicallyimportant is a disease-modifying effect equivalent to a change in the rate of disease progression.
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Pharmacodynamic principles and target concentration intervention
Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2018 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.26 No.4
This tutorial reviews the principles of dose individualisation with an emphasis on target concentrationintervention (TCI). Once a target effect is chosen then pharmacodynamics can predictthe target concentration and pharmacokinetics can predict the target dose to achieve the requiredresponse. Dose individualisation can be considered at three levels: population, group and individual. Population dosing, also known as fixed dosing or “one size fits all” is often used but is poorclinical pharmacology; group dosing uses patient features such as weight, organ function and comedicationto adjust the dose for a typical patient; individual dosing uses observations of patientresponse to inform about pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics in the individual and use theseindividual differences to individualise dose.
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Nick Holford,임동석 대한임상약리학회 2016 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.24 No.2
This tutorial deals with basic concepts of volume of distribution, the second most important param¬eter in pharmacokinetics but often challenging for students in clinical pharmacology. Its relation¬ships with dose, concentration and amount in the body are discussed using a physical model and examples of commonly used drugs, as well as its physiological aspects pertaining to the physical vol¬ume of differing organs. Finally, application of volume of distribution to the calculation of loading dose and half-life is used to show how it is essential in pharmacotherapy and clinical pharmacology.
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Nick Holford 대한임상약리학회 2016 Translational and Clinical Pharmacology Vol.24 No.4
This tutorial deals with basic concepts of absorption processes and links previous tutorials on clearance and volume of distribution to introduce the concept of half-life. The time course of both absorption and elimination are commonly described using a half-life. Half-life can also be used to describe drug accumulation. Understanding the principles underlying the time course of absorp¬tion and elimination are essential in pharmacotherapy and clinical pharmacology.
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