Effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl and Rahnella aquatilis (Ra39) on Chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase Activities and Disease Resistance of Apple Plants

Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr,M. A. A. Sallam,M. H. A. Hassan,W. Zeller 한국식물병리학회 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.1

The effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Rahnella aquatilis Ra39 against apple fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora were tested as a possible alternative to streptomycin. In vitro studies, no inhibition effect against the pathogen was found when ASM was tested. Under greenhouse conditions, application of R. aquatilis Ra39 with the highly susceptible M26 rootstock resulted in a marked disease suppression. Application of ASM and strain Ra39 caused a high decrease of the disease, 82% and 58% respectively; this was correlated with a reduction of the growth of the pathogen within host plants up to 64% and 49.5% respectively. Further studies in the field under artificial infection condition during full bloom revealed that application of ASM and R. aquatilis Ra39 with Gala variety resulted in a control effect up to 21 and 29% respectively. In physiological studies, enhanced activities of PR-proteins (chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase) were detected, which are well known as biochemical markers for systemic acquired resistance. Application of ASM to apple shoots caused the highest chitinase activity followed by strain Ra39. The enzyme activity was increased after 2, 4 and 6 days from application. In addition, ASM-treatment caused the higher β-1, 3-glucanase activity than strain Ra39. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded after 6 days from application and then decreased after 8 and 10 days from application.

Effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl and Rahnella aquatilis (Ra39) on Chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase Activities and Disease Resistance of Apple Plants

Abo-Elyousr, A.M. Kamal,Sallam, M.A.A.,Hassan, M.H.A.,Zeller, W. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2010 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.26 No.1

The effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Rahnella aquatilis Ra39 against apple fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora were tested as a possible alternative to streptomycin. In vitro studies, no inhibition effect against the pathogen was found when ASM was tested. Under greenhouse conditions, application of R. aquatilis Ra39 with the highly susceptible M26 rootstock resulted in a marked disease suppression. Application of ASM and strain Ra39 caused a high decrease of the disease, 82% and 58% respectively; this was correlated with a reduction of the growth of the pathogen within host plants up to 64% and 49.5% respectively. Further studies in the field under artificial infection condition during full bloom revealed that application of ASM and R. aquatilis Ra39 with Gala variety resulted in a control effect up to 21 and 29% respectively. In physiological studies, enhanced activities of PR-proteins (chitinase and $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase) were detected, which are well known as biochemical markers for systemic acquired resistance. Application of ASM to apple shoots caused the highest chitinase activity followed by strain Ra39. The enzyme activity was increased after 2, 4 and 6 days from application. In addition, ASM-treatment caused the higher $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase activity than strain Ra39. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded after 6 days from application and then decreased after 8 and 10 days from application.

The Multiparameter Spectral Theory of Symmetric Operators

M.H. Sallam KYUNGPOOK UNIVERSITY 1999 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.39 No.2

The spectral theory of symmetric operators is extended to the multiparameter operator L(λ) = T - Σ^(k)_(s=1)λ_(s)V_(s), where T, V_(s) are symmetric operators on Hilbert space H. Assuming that T is densely defined closed operator and V_(s), s = 1, …, k are bounded, we use standard deficiency index theory to treat the multiparameter case.

Direct Antimicrobial Activity and Induction of Systemic Resistance in Potato Plants Against Bacterial Wilt Disease by Plant Extracts

M. A. E. Hassan,M. F. F. Bereika,H. I. G. Abo-Elnaga,M. A. A. Sallam 한국식물병리학회 2009 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.25 No.4

The potential of three plants extracts, to protect potato plants against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum was determined under greenhouse and field conditions. All soil drenching treatments of aqueous plant extracts of Hibsicus sabdariffa, Punica granatum and Eucalyptus globulus significantly reduced the disease severity compared with inoculated control. Although the applications of all three plant extracts resulted in similar reductions of disease severity in field up 63.23 to 68.39%, treatment of E. globulus leaf extract was found greater in restricting the symptom development than other the two plant extracts in the greenhouse. More than 94% reduction in the bacterial wilt symptom was observed in potato plants. All tested plant extracts were effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterial pathogen, not only in vitro, but also in stem of potato plants as compared with the inoculated control. Potato plants treated with extract of H. sabdariffa reduced bacterial growth more effectively than treatment with P. granatum and E. globulus. Activity of defence-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, were significantly increased in plants treated with the plant extracts compared to the control during the experimental period. In general, the higher enzymes activities were determined in both inoculated and non-inoculated treated potato plants after 8 days from plant extracts treatment. These results suggested that these plant extracts may be play an important role in controlling the potato bacterial wilt disease, through they have antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic resistance in potato plants.

A missense mutation in the coding region of the toll-like receptor 4 gene affects milk traits in Barki sheep

Sallam Ahmed M. 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.4

Objective: Milk production is one of the most desirable traits in livestock. Recently, the toll-like receptor (TLR) has been identified as a candidate gene for milk traits in cows. So far, there is no information concerning the contribution of this gene in milk traits in sheep. This study was designed to investigate the TLR 4 gene polymorphisms in Barki ewes in Egypt and then correlate that with milk traits in order to identify potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for these traits in sheep. Methods: A part of the ovine TLR 4 gene was amplified in Barki ewes, to identify the SNPs. Consequently; Barki ewes were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism protocol. These genotypes were correlated with milk traits, which were the daily milk yield (DMY), protein percentage (PP), fat percentage (FP), lactose percentage, and total solid percentage (TSP). Results: Age and parity of the ewe had a significant effect (p<0.05 or p<0.01) on DMY, FP, and TSP. The direct sequencing identified a missense mutation located in the coding sequence of the gene (rs592076818; c.1710C>A) and was predicted to change the amino acid sequence of the resulted protein (p.Asn570Lys). The association analyses suggested a significant effect (p<0.05) of the TLR genotype on the FP and PP, while the DMY tended to be influenced as well (p = 0.07). Interestingly, the presence of the G allele tended to increase the DMY (+40.5 g/d) and significantly (p<0.05 or p<0.01) decreased the FP (–1.11%), PP (–1.21%), and TSP (–7.98%). Conclusion: The results of this study suggested the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a candidate gene to improve milk traits in sheep worldwide, which will enhance the ability to understand the genetic architecture of genes underlying SNPs that affect such traits. Objective: Milk production is one of the most desirable traits in livestock. Recently, the toll-like receptor (TLR) has been identified as a candidate gene for milk traits in cows. So far, there is no information concerning the contribution of this gene in milk traits in sheep. This study was designed to investigate the <i>TLR 4</i> gene polymorphisms in Barki ewes in Egypt and then correlate that with milk traits in order to identify potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for these traits in sheep.Methods: A part of the ovine <i>TLR 4</i> gene was amplified in Barki ewes, to identify the SNPs. Consequently; Barki ewes were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism protocol. These genotypes were correlated with milk traits, which were the daily milk yield (DMY), protein percentage (PP), fat percentage (FP), lactose percentage, and total solid percentage (TSP).Results: Age and parity of the ewe had a significant effect (p<0.05 or p<0.01) on DMY, FP, and TSP. The direct sequencing identified a missense mutation located in the coding sequence of the gene (rs592076818; c.1710C>A) and was predicted to change the amino acid sequence of the resulted protein (p.Asn570Lys). The association analyses suggested a significant effect (p<0.05) of the TLR genotype on the FP and PP, while the DMY tended to be influenced as well (p = 0.07). Interestingly, the presence of the G allele tended to increase the DMY (+40.5 g/d) and significantly (p<0.05 or p<0.01) decreased the FP (–1.11%), PP (–1.21%), and TSP (–7.98%).Conclusion: The results of this study suggested the toll-like receptor 4 (<i>TLR4</i>) as a candidate gene to improve milk traits in sheep worldwide, which will enhance the ability to understand the genetic architecture of genes underlying SNPs that affect such traits.

Generalized Simple Eigenvalues and Bifurcation for a Linked Multiparameter Eigenvalue Problem

SALLAM, M. H. KYUNGPOOK UNIVERSITY 1996 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.36 No.2

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Optical and photoelectric properties of TlInS2 layered single crystals

M.M. El-Nahass,A.H.S. Abd Al-Wahab,M.M. Sallam 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.3

Single crystals of the layered compound TlInS2 were grown by direct synthesis of their constituents. The spectral and optical parameters have been determined using spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance in the wavelength range 200–2500 nm. Absorption spectra of thin layers of TlInS2 crystals are used to study the energy gap and the interband transitions of the compound in the energy region 2–2.4 eV. The dispersion curve of the refractive index shows an anomalous dispersion in the absorption region and a normal one in the transmitted region. The direct and indirect band gaps were determined to be 2.34 and 2.258 eV, respectively. Photoconductivity measurements at room temperature resolve the structure that can be identified with the optical transition. Single crystals of the layered compound TlInS2 were grown by direct synthesis of their constituents. The spectral and optical parameters have been determined using spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance in the wavelength range 200–2500 nm. Absorption spectra of thin layers of TlInS2 crystals are used to study the energy gap and the interband transitions of the compound in the energy region 2–2.4 eV. The dispersion curve of the refractive index shows an anomalous dispersion in the absorption region and a normal one in the transmitted region. The direct and indirect band gaps were determined to be 2.34 and 2.258 eV, respectively. Photoconductivity measurements at room temperature resolve the structure that can be identified with the optical transition.

The temperature dependent electrical transport in biphenyl derivatives

M.M. Sallam,B.A. El-Sayed,A.A. Abdel-Shafi 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.1

The d.c. electrical conductivity measurements as a function of temperature of 4,4-dibromobiphenyl (DBrBP), 4,4-dichlorobiphe-nyl (DClBP) and 4,4-dimethoxybiphenyl (DMOBP) compounds have been carried out. The eects of conformational change withinskeleton of these compounds upon optical or thermal excitation (S1 S0 para substituents on the electrical conductivityhave been discussed. The conduction processes were interpreted in the light of their molecular spectroscopic data of the infrared,ultraviolet and emission spectra as a hopping processes. The semiconducting properties of the investigated compounds were arisingfrom electron-delocalization via intramolecular interaction ofp-electrons of (C@ C) bonds and electron-donating groups inparaincreases the possibility of electron-delocalization and the interaction ofp-electron system..

Direct Antimicrobial Activity and Induction of Systemic Resistance in Potato Plants Against Bacterial Wilt Disease by Plant Extracts

Hassan, M.A.E.,Bereika, M.F.F.,Abo-Elnaga, H.I.G.,Sallam, M.A.A. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2009 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.25 No.4

The potential of three plants extracts, to protect potato plants against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum was determined under greenhouse and field conditions. All soil drenching treatments of aqueous plant extracts of Hibsicus sabdariffa, Punica granatum and Eucalyptus globulus significantly reduced the disease severity compared with inoculated control. Although the applications of all three plant extracts resulted in similar reductions of disease severity in field up 63.23 to 68.39%, treatment of E. globulus leaf extract was found greater in restricting the symptom development than other the two plant extracts in the greenhouse. More than 94% reduction in the bacterial wilt symptom was observed in potato plants. All tested plant extracts were effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterial pathogen, not only in vitro, but also in stem of potato plants as compared with the inoculated control Potato plants treated with extract of H. sabdariffa reduced bacterial growth more effectively than treatment with P. granatum and E. globulus. Activity of defence-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, were significantly increased in plants treated with the plant extracts compared to the control during the experimental period. In general, the higher enzymes activities were determined in both inoculated and non-inoculated treated potato plants after 8 days from plant extracts treatment. These results suggested that these plant extracts may be play an important role in controlling the potato bacterial wilt disease, through they have antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic resistance in potato plants.

The Role of the Manufacturing Sector in Promoting Economic Growth in the Saudi Economy: A Cointegration and VECM Approach

Mohamed A. M. SALLAM 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.7

This study examines the role of the manufacturing sector in stimulating economic growth in the Saudi economy. Even though the economic literature shows how the manufacturing sector stimulates economic growth, it does not clearly show the role of the manufacturing sector in economic growth. The study employed annual time-series data spanning the 1980–2018 period from the databases of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Moreover, the cointegration and VECM approaches were employed to examine the short- and long-run relationship causality between variables. The results show a two-way causal relationship exists between the manufacturing sector and economic growth. Furthermore, the results indicate that a unidirectional causal relationship exists, running from the manufacturing sector to the services sector. The study recommends that the determinants of the growth of the Saudi manufacturing sector must be investigated. Moreover, the most productive Saudi manufacturing industries must be identified, and the productivity of other sectors must be increased in a way that contributes to economic plans and policies. Thus, adopting economic policies that stimulate investment in the manufacturing sector contributes to increasing non-oil exports to diversify sources of income to achieve vision 2030 of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.