Estimation of Rumen Gas Volume by Dilution Technique in Sheep Given Two Silages at Different Levels of Feeding

Sekine, J.,Kamel, Hossam E.M.,Fadel El-Seed, Abdel Nasir M.A.,Hishinuma, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.3

The gas dilution technique was used to evaluate the possibility of estimating the volume of gaseous phase in the rumen from its composition in sheep given rice whole crop silage (RWS) or dent corn silage (DCS) at a level of maintenance (M) or 2 M, and in the course of fasting. The rumen gas composition was determined at 2 and 7.5 h after morning feeding. Nitrogen gas was injected by using an airtight syringe into the rumen immediately after collecting the rumen gas sample as a control. Then rumen gas samples were collected at 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min. after injection. Dry-matter intakes were $42g/kg^{0.75}$ and $57g/kg^{0.75}$ for DCS, and $36g/kg^{0.75}$ and $59g/kg^{0.75}$ for RWS, at 1 M and 2 M levels, respectively. Animals ingested both silages about 20% less than expected at 2 M level. The rumen gas composition did not differ significantly between 2 h and 7.5 h after feeding except for $N_2$. Content of $CO_2$ in gas composition was significantly higher at 2 M level than at 1 M (p<0.05) for both RWS and DCS, whereas $CH_4$ showed no significant difference between feeding levels. At both feeding levels, $CO_2$ showed a higher (p<0.05) percentage in DCS than RWS. A dilution technique by using $N_2$ injection is not appropriate for the determination of gas production in vivo, unless the rate of rumen gas turnover is considered. Changes in composition at fasting indicate that the rumen fermentation may reach the lowest level after 72 h fasting for sheep given silage as their sole diet.

Nutritive Evaluation of Some Fodder Tree Species during the Dry Season in Central Sudan

A. M. A. Fadel Elseed,A. E. Amin,Khadiga,A. Abdel Ati,J. Sekine,M. Hishinuma,K. Hamana 아세아·태평양축산학회 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.6

Effects of Ammonia, Urea Plus Calcium Hydroxide and Animal Urine Treatments on Chemical Composition and In sacco Degradability of Rice Straw

Fadel Elseed, A.M.A.,Sekine, J.,Hishinuma, M.,Hamana, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.3

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects on the composition and rumen degradation in sacco of rice straw treated with animal urine (1 l of 2.9 g N/kg DM straw) and urea plus calcium hydroxide (2% urea plus 0.5% $Ca(OH)_2$/kg DM straw) as a cheap and relatively safe alternative for ammonia (3% ammonia solution/kg DM straw). Mold occurred in urine treated straw, but other treatments were apparently mold-free. All treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased CP content in the straw compared with untreated one. Ammonia-treated straw contained CP at about twice that in urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated straw. NDF and hemicellulose contents decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treatments, while ADF and cellulose showed no differences compared with untreated straw. The degradable fraction of DM, CP, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments than for urine treated or untreated straw except for CP of urine treated straw. Chemical treatment of rice straw increased the readily degradable fraction of CP, while it decreased the slowly degradable fraction for urine or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. The degradation rate of hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) increased for ammonia and urea-calcium hydroxide treatments compared to urine treated or untreated straw. However, no effect on cellulose degradation rate was found by any of the treatments. There was no improvement in the degradation kinetics caused by the urine treatment despite the improvement of the chemical composition. Although the improvement in rumen degradability was less in the urea-calcium hydroxide treatment than in the ammonia treatment, its use may be more desirable because it is less expensive to obtain, less hazardous nature, and readily available. For further improvement it is necessary to investigate the supplementation of slowly degradable nitrogen to ureacalcium hydroxide treated rice straw diet.

Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Bulk Density of Eight Kinds of Forage under Air-dry and Wet Conditions

Sekine, J.,Kamel, Hossam E.M.,El-Seed, Abdel Nasir M.A. Fadel,Hishinuma, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.8

The conditions of measurement for the determination of bulk density were evaluated to assess the bulkiness of 8 kinds of forage. The bulkiness of the forages was determined with 4 different sizes of forage samples with 7 different pressure application under air-dry and wet conditions. The dry bulk density (DBD) curvilinearly regressed with the pressure applied. The particle size of the samples and kinds of forage used in the present study did not affect changes in values of DBD determined under pressures over $20g/cm^2$ up to $200g/cm^2$. The values of the wet bulk density (WBD) increased as an increment of particle size, but were not always regressed on the particle size of the 8 kinds of forage. The DBD determined on 8 mm particles showed a higher correlation coefficient with neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents. The DBD may be a useful tool for the assessment of NDF in forage, when it is determined under condition of a pressure of $100g/cm^2$ or over with a particle size of 8 mm. The WBD may not be utilized for the direct measurement of the physical characteristics of forage, but may be required a thorough consideration on water solubility of forages. Further studies are needed to clarify the DBD contribution to the prediction of forage intake by ruminants.

Effect of Three Different Species of Hay on Dry-matter Intake and Serum Cortisol of Ewes

Sekine, J.,Abdel-Rahman, Mootaz A.M.,Ismail, A.El-Moez A.,Dosoky, R.M.,Kamel, H.E.M.,Hishinuma, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.9

To determine whether the feeding of different species of hay affects the dry-matter intake and the serum cortisol level of sheep, 6 non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes were offered alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay (Al), oats (Avena sativa) hay (Ot) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) hay (Pr) under 6 kinds of treatment including 1) change from Al to Ot, 2) Al to Pr, 3) Ot to Al, 4) Ot to Pr, 5) Pr to Al, and 6) Pr to Ot. The experimental design was a 6${\times}$6 Latin square with a 14 day period of which 9 days were a preliminary period and 5 days as a digestion trial period. The change in hay feeding was done abruptly on the first day of each period without an adaptation period. The blood from the jugular vein was collected on the first, third and the last day of each period through a sterile catheter for the analysis of cortisol. The dry-matter intake was recorded daily throughout the period. The mean daily intake of dry matter (DM, g/kg live weight) was significantly different among the 3 species of hay (Al>Ot>Pr; p<0.05). The digestibility of DM for Al and Ot was the same, but that for Pr was significantly lower than Al and Ot (p<0.05). The mean serum cortisol levels were significantly different among the hays (p<0.05). The level for Pr was the highest and that for Al was the lowest. The abrupt change of hay feeding of 6 treatments produced a significant change in the serum cortisol levels. The DM intake was inversely related to the change of the cortisol level. It is suggested that the animal' intake response to different species of hay may be partly motivated by the psychological feelings toward the hay offered.

Deformation Twinning in TiAl : Effects of Defect Clustering

Yoo, M H,HISHINUMA, A 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1997 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.3 No.2

Possible roles of point defect clustering in the formation of deformation twins in γ-TiAl are critically assessed by reviewing the available models of dislocation-assisted twin nucleation and experimental data on deformation twinning in Ti-56 at.% Al single crystals and two-phase Ti-47 at.% Al alloys. According to the pole mechanism for twinning in the Ll_0 structure, a reasonable combination of the stress concentration (n=27) and the vacancy supersaturation (c/c_0=13) is needed to overcome the critical stages of twin formation. The so-called radiation-induced ductility reported in Ti-47 at.% Al alloys is attributed to the effective formation of twin embryos in the presence of interstitial-type Frank loops and the subsequent nucleation and growth of twins during plastic deformation.

Hydorthermal Zirconia

Somiya, Shigeyuki,Murakami, T.,Ochiai, S.,Inoue, M.,Hishinuma, K.,Akiba, T. 한국재료학회 1995 Fabrication and Characterization of Advanced Mater Vol.1 No.2

Zirconia powder are produced many ways. This is review and overview of fine zirconia powders. There are seveal methods to produce fine zirconia powder. Hydrtothermal homogeneous precipitation is one of the best methods to produce zironia fine powder.