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Use of a Multiethnic Approach to Identify Rheumatoid- Arthritis-Susceptibility Loci, 1p36 and 17q12
CLEAR investigators,Kurreeman, Fina A.S.,Stahl, Eli A.,Okada, Y.,Liao, K.,Diogo, D.,Raychaudhuri, S.,Freudenberg, J.,Kochi, Y.,Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.,Gupta, N.,Sandor, C.,Bang, S.Y.,Lee, H.S.,Padyuk University of Chicago Press [etc.] 2012 American journal of human genetics Vol.90 No.3
We have previously shown that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk alleles overlap between different ethnic groups. Here, we utilize a multiethnic approach to show that we can effectively discover RA risk alleles. Thirteen putatively associated SNPs that had not yet exceeded genome-wide significance (p < 5 x 10<SUP>-8</SUP>) in our previous RA genome-wide association study (GWAS) were analyzed in independent sample sets consisting of 4,366 cases and 17,765 controls of European, African American, and East Asian ancestry. Additionally, we conducted an overall association test across all 65,833 samples (a GWAS meta-analysis plus the replication samples). Of the 13 SNPs investigated, four were significantly below the study-wide Bonferroni corrected p value threshold (p < 0.0038) in the replication samples. Two SNPs (rs3890745 at the 1p36 locus [p = 2.3 x 10<SUP>-12</SUP>] and rs2872507 at the 17q12 locus [p = 1.7 x 10<SUP>-9</SUP>]) surpassed genome-wide significance in all 16,659 RA cases and 49,174 controls combined. We used available GWAS data to fine map these two loci in Europeans and East Asians, and we found that the same allele conferred risk in both ethnic groups. A series of bioinformatic analyses identified TNFRSF14-MMEL1 at the 1p36 locus and IKZF3-ORMDL3-GSDMB at the 17q12 locus as the genes most likely associated with RA. These findings demonstrate empirically that a multiethnic approach is an effective strategy for discovering RA risk loci, and they suggest that combining GWASs across ethnic groups represents an efficient strategy for gaining statistical power.
D. Kratzer,P. Koller,T. Tobie,K. Stahl 대한기계학회 2022 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.36 No.2
Past studies have demonstrated the positive effects of shot peening, superfinishing, and polish grinding on the flank load-carrying capacity of gears. However, there have as yet not been any thorough investigations into the effects of superfinishing or polish grinding with or without prior shot peening on tooth root bending strength. An extensive experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of various finishing processes on tooth root bending strength and to determine whether the familiar positive effects of shot peening are maintained after such finishing processes. Smooth surfaces due to superfinishing and polish grinding do not significantly influence the tooth root bending strength of case-carburized gears, assuming that other geometric, metallographic and radiographic properties are unaffected. The increased tooth root bending strength of shot peened and superfinished or polish ground gears demonstrates that the positive effect of shot peening is maintained in combination with superfinishing and polish grinding, if compressive residual stresses are present near the surface of the material.