Effects of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity on the Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed-type Plant Factory System

Austin, Jirapa,Jeon, Youn A,Cha, Mi-Kyung,Park, Sookuk,Cho, Young-Yeol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.3

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. With a 14/10 h photoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed-type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

Development of Models for Estimating Growth of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed-Type Plant Factory System

Jirapa Austin(오스틴 지라파),Young-Yeol Cho(조영열) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2018 시설원예‧식물공장 Vol.27 No.4

작물 생육 모델은 작물의 생육을 이해하고 통합하기 위해 유용한 도구이다. 완전제어형 식물공장에서 엽채류로 활용하기 위한 퀴노아(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)의 초장, 광합성률, 생장 모델을 예측하기 위한 모델을 1차식, 2차식 및 비선형 및 선형지수 등식을 사용하여 개발하였다. 식물 생육과 수량은 정식 후 5일간격으로 측정하였다. 광합성과 생장 곡선 모델을 계산하였다. 초장과 정식 후 일수(DAT)간의 선형 및 곡선 관계를 얻었으나, 초장을 정확하게 예측하기 위한 모델은 선형 등식이었다. 광합성률 모델을 비선형 등식을 선택하였다. 광보상점, 광포화점, 및 호흡률은 각각 29, 813 and 3.4 μmol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>였다. 지상부 생체중과 건물중은 선형관계를 보였다. 지상부 건물중의 회귀계수는 0.75 (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.921<SUP>***</SUP>)였다. 선형지수 수식을 사용하여 시간 함수에 따른 퀴노아의 지상부 건물중 증가를 비선형 회귀식으로 수행하였다. 작물생장률과 상대생장률은 각각 22.9 g·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP> and 0.28 g·g<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>였다. 이러한 모델들은 정확하게 퀴노아의 초장, 광합성률, 지상부 생체중과 건물중을 예측할 수 있다. Crop growth models are useful tools for understanding and integrating knowledge about crop growth. Models for predicting plant height, net photosynthesis rate, and plant growth of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a leafy vegetable in a closed-type plant factory system were developed using empirical model equations such as linear, quadratic, non-rectangular hyperbola, and expolinear equations. Plant growth and yield were measured at 5-day intervals after transplanting. Photosynthesis and growth curve models were calculated. Linear and curve relationships were obtained between plant heights and days after transplanting (DAT), however, accuracy of the equation to estimate plant height was linear equation. A non-rectangular hyperbola model was chosen as the response function of net photosynthesis. The light compensation point, light saturation point, and respiration rate were 29, 813 and 3.4 μmol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The shoot fresh weight showed a linear relationship with the shoot dry weight. The regression coefficient of the shoot dry weight was 0.75 (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.921<SUP>***</SUP>). A non-linear regression was carried out to describe the increase in shoot dry weight of quinoa as a function of time using an expolinear equation. The crop growth rate and relative growth rate were 22.9 g·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP> and 0.28 g·g<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. These models can accurately estimate plant height, net photosynthesis rate, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight of quinoa.

Effects of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity on the Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closedtype Plant Factory System

Jirapa Austin,Youn A Jeon,Mi-Kyung Cha,Sookuk Park,Young-Yeol Cho 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.3

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and 143 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 120 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>. With a 14/10 hphotoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a PPFD of 143 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed–type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a PPFD of 143 μmol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>.

Practical Design of an Artificial Light-Used Plant Factory for Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Jirapa Austin,Yoon-A Jeun,Mi-Kyung Cha,Young-Yeol Cho 한국원예학회 2015 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2015 No.5

선형, 쌍곡선과 Beta 함수를 이용한 상추의 주요 온도 비교

차미경,김춘식,Jirapa Austin,조영열 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2014 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.23 No.1

The objective of this study was to estimate cardinal temperatures for germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativarL.) using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution functions. Seeds of lettuce were germinated in a growth chamberat 7 constant temperatures: 10, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32oC. Four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on twolayers of filter paper in a 9 cm petri-dish. Radicle emergence of 1 mm was scored as germination. The time course ofgermination was modeled using a logistic function. These minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures wereestimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate against the temperature gradient. In bilinearfunction, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were 7.9oC, 23.3oC, and 28.0oC, respectively. In parabolicfunction, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were 9.7oC, 19.5oC, and 29.4oC, respectively. Inbeta distribution function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were 3.7oC, 20.7oC and 32.0oC, respectively. Minimum, optimum, and maximum ranges of temperatures were 3.7~9.7oC, 19.5~23.3oC, and 28.0~32.0oC,respectively. 본 연구의 목적은 선형, 쌍곡선, 베타 함수를 이용하여상추의 주요 온도를 예측하기 위함이다. 상추 종자를 항온 생육상에서 발아시켰다. 온도처리는 10oC, 14oC, 16oC,20oC, 24oC, 28oC와 32oC였다. 100개의 종자를 9cm 페트리디쉬에 필터페이퍼 2장을 깔고 4반복 실시하였다. 유근이 1mm 나왔을 때를 발아로 하였다. 시간에 따른발아율은 로지스틱 함수로 계산하였다. 최저, 최적, 최고온도는 50% 발아한 시점의 역수를 온도에 따른 함수로표기하여 나타내었다. 선형 함수의 경우, 최저, 최적, 최고 온도는 각각 7.9oC, 23.3oC, 28.0oC였으며, 쌍곡선 함수의 경우, 최저, 최적, 최고 온도는 각각 9.7oC, 19.5oC,29.4oC였으며, 베타 함수인 경우, 최저, 최적, 최고 온도는 각각 3.7oC, 20.7oC, 32.0oC였다. 최저, 최적, 최고 온도 범위는 각각 3.7~7.9oC, 19.5~23.3oC, 28.0~32.0oC이었다.

Development of Models for Estimating Growth of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed-type Plant Factory System

Young-Yeol Cho,Jirapa Austin,Mi Kyung Cha 한국원예학회 2018 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2018 No.5

Theoretical Design for the Production of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed Plant Factory

Bae, Jong Hyang,Austin, Jirapa,Jeon, Yoon-A,Cha, Mi-Kyung,Cho, Young-Yeol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a grain crop with high nutritional value. The leaves and sprouts of quinoa can also be consumed either raw or cooked, providing considerably nutritional value as well as high antioxidant and anticancer activities. This study was carried out to obtain basic data to assist in the practical design of a plant factory with artificial lighting for the cultivation of quinoa as a leafy vegetable. We estimated the energy content of the quinoa and the electrical energy required to produce this crop. The yield was 1,000 plants per day, with a planting density and light intensity of $0.015m^2$ ($15{\times}10cm$) and $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. The total number of plants, cultivation area, and electricity consumption were estimated to be 25,000, $375m^2$, and $93,750{\mu}mol{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. White fluorescent lamps were used at a power of 20.4 kW from 1,857 fluorescent lamps (FL, 55 W), and the cost for electricity was approximately 1,820 dollars (exchange rate of $1 = 1,200 won) per month. For a daily harvest of 1,000 plants per day in a closed plant factory, the estimated light installation cost, total installation cost, and total production cost would be 15,473, 46,421, and 55,704 dollars, respectively. The calculated production cost per plant, including labor costs, would be 27 cents for the 25-day cultivation period, with a marketable ratio of 80%. Considering the annual total expenses, income, and depreciation costs, the selling price per plant was estimated to be approximately 56 cents.

Theoretical Design for the Production of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed Plant Factory

Jong Hyang Bae,Jirapa Austin,Yoon-A Jeon,Mi-Kyung Cha,Young-Yeol Cho 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a grain crop with high nutritional value. The leaves and sprouts of quinoa can also be consumed either raw or cooked, providing considerably nutritional value as well as high antioxidant and anticancer activities. This study was carried out to obtain basic data to assist in the practical design of a plant factory with artificial lighting for the cultivation of quinoa as a leafy vegetable. We estimated the energy content of the quinoa and the electrical energy required to produce this crop. The yield was 1,000 plants per day, with a planting density and light intensity of 0.015 ㎡ (15 × 10 ㎝) and 200 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The total number of plants, cultivation area, and electricity consumption were estimated to be 25,000, 375 ㎡, and 93,750 μ㏖·s<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. White fluorescent lamps were used at a power of 20.4 ㎾ from 1,857 fluorescent lamps (FL, 55 W), and the cost for electricity was approximately 1,820 dollars (exchange rate of $1 = 1,200 won) per month. For a daily harvest of 1,000 plants per day in a closed plant factory, the estimated light installation cost, total installation cost, and total production cost would be 15,473, 46,421, and 55,704 dollars, respectively. The calculated production cost per plant, including labor costs, would be 27 cents for the 25-day cultivation period, with a marketable ratio of 80%. Considering the annual total expenses, income, and depreciation costs, the selling price per plant was estimated to be approximately 56 cents.

딸기 영양 진단을 위한 전문가시스템

전윤아(Yoon-A Jeun),차미경(Mi-Kyung Cha),Jirapa Austin,조영열(Young-Yeol Cho) 한국원예학회 2014 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2014 No.5

수경재배에서 남도 주아를 이용한 잎마늘 생산

전윤아(Yoon-A Jeun),차미경(Mi-Kyung Cha),Jirapa Austin,조영열(Young-Yeol Cho) 한국원예학회 2015 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2015 No.5