I-LEACH Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks

Gurjot Singh Gaba,Himanshu Monga,Lavish Kansal,Rajan Miglani 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.11 No.8

Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) have gained a lot of significance because of potential applications such as Marine engineering, Human body tissue study and animal life study. The scope of WSN is limited to some extent due to tiny battery inside the node, thus limiting the scope of applicability where replacing a battery is infeasible. A research to solve this issue has been proposed in this paper. The motivation behind this work is the LEACH protocol which is considered as the oldest technique for Energy Conservation in WSN. But with the advancement in the fabrication of nodes, this protocol needs to be altered to cater the needs. Analysis proved that Intelligent LEACH (I-LEACH) is better than MOD-LEACH approach (A variation to LEACH) in terms of increased lifetime. Results depict 54% increase in the lifetime of the network as compared to MOD-LEACH, which ensures longer connectivity and reliability.

An Ultra Wideband, Novel and Reliable RF MEMS Switch

Gurjot Singh Gaba,Mayuri Jha,Rahul Gogna,Rajan Miglani 한국전기전자재료학회 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.4

This paper presents the design and characterization of wide band ohmic microswitch with an actuation voltageas low as 20~25 V, and a restoring force of 14.1 μN. The design of the proposed switch is primarily composed of anelectrostatic actuator, bridge membrane, cantilever (beam) and coplanar waveguide, suspended over the substrate. The analysis shows an insertion loss of -0.002 dB at 1GHz and remains as low as -0.35 dB, even at 100 GHz. Theisolation loss of the switch is sustained at -21.09 dB at 100GHz, with a peak value of -99.58 dB at 1 GHz and up-statecapacitance of 4 fF. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a series contact switch, which works over awide bandwidth (DC-100 GHz) and with such a high and sustained isolation, even at high frequencies and with anexcellent figure of merit (fc=1/2.pi.Ron.Cu= 39.7 THz).

A Novel Forgery Detection Mechanism for Sensitive Data

Vikas Dhawan,Gurjot Singh Gaba 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.8

There are some applications of military and e-commerce networks, where security of transmitted data on unfriendly environment requires more concern as compared to other design issues like power and energy consumption. Data alterations in above mentioned applications can lead to irreparable losses; so to avoid such losses, we have to maintain Data Integrity in the communication network. This paper presents a novel and reliable Hash algorithm which inherits the basic architecture of SHA-1. Performance of proposed technique is compared with existing techniques through statistical test suite for random numbers. Results reveal that the suggested technique is more effective in terms of randomness than the existing algorithms. The proposed technique, thus, finds its applicability in the sensitive data environment.

Multi-Dielectric & Multi-Band operations on RF MEMS

Rahul Gogna,Gurjot Singh Gaba,Mayuri Jha,Aditya Prakash 한국전기전자재료학회 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.2

Ever increasing demand for microwave operated applications has cultivated need for high-performance universal systems capable of working on multi-bands. This objective can be realized using Multi-Dielectrics in RF MEMS capacitive switch. In this study, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of various dielectrics on switch performance. The design consists of a capacitive switch and performance is analyzed by changing the dielectric layers beneath the switch. The results are obtained using three different dielectrics including Silicon nitride (7.6), Hafnium dioxide (25) and Titanium oxide (50). Testing of proposed switch yields high isolation (- 87.5 dB) and low insertion loss (- 0.1 dB at 50 GHz) which is substantially better than the conventional switches. The operating bandwidth of the proposed switch (DC to 95 GHz) makes it suitable for wide band microwave applications.

More Reliable Approach for Detecting Data Alterations in Communication Networks

Vikas Dhawan,Gurjot Singh Gaba 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.6

Security of precious data is the most critical design parameter of a communication network. Applications like online banking and military information exchange requires more concern over security regardless of other design issues like power and energy consumption. Data alterations in some applications can lead to severe irreparable losses. This paper presents a novel and reliable Hash algorithm which inherits the basic architecture of MD5. Performance of proposed technique is compared with existing MD5, SHA-160, SHA-256 and SHA-384 techniques through statistical test suite for random numbers. Results reveal that the suggested technique is more effective in terms of randomness than the MD5, SHA-160, SHA-256 and SHA-384. The proposed technique thus finds its applicability in the sensitive data environment.

Coherent Caesar Cipher for Resource Constrained Devices

Priya Verma,Gurjot Singh Gaba 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.10 No.5

Today, cryptography is a cornerstone in the resource constrained networks and devices. Many modern cryptosystems make it very difficult but not impossible for an attacker to determine the decoding key. Even though the key might be eventually determined by a skilled decoder, given enough time and effort, cryptosystems can still provides ample security to protect valuable information. Among various encryption techniques, Caesar cipher is one of the oldest technique to encrypt the valuable information. But it gets easily cracked due to its simplicity of operation. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed i.e. Coherent Caesar Cipher (CCC), which is found to be more consistent and reliable as compared to other existing caesar cipher algorithms. Performance of CCC and conventional techniques are tested using various NIST suggested randomness evaluation tests along with brute force attack analysis. The results were promising as the proposed technique produced more random results for various inputs and has the capability to withstand brute force attack for a longer duration.

Multi-Dielectric & Multi-Band operations on RF MEMS

Gogna, Rahul,Gaba, Gurjot Singh,Jha, Mayuri,Prakash, Aditya The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.2

Ever increasing demand for microwave operated applications has cultivated need for high-performance universal systems capable of working on multi-bands. This objective can be realized using Multi-Dielectrics in RF MEMS capacitive switch. In this study, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of various dielectrics on switch performance. The design consists of a capacitive switch and performance is analyzed by changing the dielectric layers beneath the switch. The results are obtained using three different dielectrics including Silicon nitride (7.6), Hafnium dioxide (25) and Titanium oxide (50). Testing of proposed switch yields high isolation (- 87.5 dB) and low insertion loss (- 0.1 dB at 50 GHz) which is substantially better than the conventional switches. The operating bandwidth of the proposed switch (DC to 95 GHz) makes it suitable for wide band microwave applications.

A Disparate Low Loss DC to 90 GHz Wideband Series Switch

Gogna, Rahul,Jha, Mayuri,Gaba, Gurjot Singh,Singh, Paramdeep The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.2

This paper presents design and simulation of wide band RF microswitch that uses electrostatic actuation for its operation. RF MEMS devices exhibit superior high frequency performance in comparison to conventional devices. Similar techniques that are used in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) can be employed to design and fabricate MEMS devices and traditional batch-processing methods can be used for its manufacturing. The proposed switch presents a novel design approach to handle reliability concerns in MEMS switches like dielectric charging effect, micro welding and stiction. The shape has been optimized at actuation voltage of 14-16 V. The switch has an improved restoring force of 20.8 μN. The design of the proposed switch is very elemental and primarily composed of electrostatic actuator, a bridge membrane and coplanar waveguide which are suspended over the substrate. The simple design of the switch makes it easy for fabrication. Typical insertion and isolation of the switch at 1 GHz is -0.03 dB and -71 dB and at 85 GHz it is -0.24 dB and -29.8 dB respectively. The isolation remains more than - 20 db even after 120 GHz. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a metal contact switch that shows such a high and sustained isolation and performance at W-band frequencies with an excellent figure-of merit (fc=1/2.pi.Ron.Cu =1,900 GHz). This figure of merit is significantly greater than electronic switching devices. The switch would find extensive application in wideband operations and areas where reliability is a major concern.

A Disparate Low Loss DC to 90 GHz Wideband Series Switch

Rahul Gogna,Mayuri Jha,Gurjot Singh Gaba,Paramdeep Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.2

This paper presents design and simulation of wide band RF microswitch that uses electrostatic actuation for its operation. RF MEMS devices exhibit superior high frequency performance in comparison to conventional devices. Similar techniques that are used in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) can be employed to design and fabricate MEMS devices and traditional batch-processing methods can be used for its manufacturing. The proposed switch presents a novel design approach to handle reliability concerns in MEMS switches like dielectric charging effect, micro welding and stiction. The shape has been optimized at actuation voltage of 14-16 V. The switch has an improved restoring force of 20.8 μN. The design of the proposed switch is very elemental and primarily composed of electrostatic actuator, abridge membrane and coplanar waveguide which are suspended over the substrate. The simple design of the switch makes it easy for fabrication. Typical insertion and isolation of the switch at 1 GHz is -0.03 dB and -71 dB and at 85 GHz it is -0.24 dB and -29.8 dB respectively. The isolation remains more than - 20 db even after 120 GHz. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a metal contact switch that shows such a high and sustained isolation and performance at W-band frequencies with an excellent figure-of merit (fc=1/2.pi.Ron.Cu =1,900 GHz). This figure of merit is significantly greater than electronic switching devices. The switch would find extensive application in wideband operations and areas where reliability is a major concern.

Design Aspects of a New Reliable Torsional Switch with Excellent RF Response

Rahul Gogna,Mayuri Jha,Gurjot Singh Gaba,Paramdeep Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2016 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.17 No.1

This paper proposes a metal contact RF MEMS switch which utilizes a see-saw mechanism to acquire a switching action. The switch was built on a quartz substrate and involves vertical deflection of the beam under an applied actuation voltage of 5.46 volts over a signal line. The see-saw mechanism relieves much of the operation voltage required to actuate the switch. The switch has a stiff beam eliminating any stray mechanical forces. The switch has an excellent isolation of -90.9 dB (compared to - 58 dB in conventional designs [3]), the insertion of -0.2 dB, and a wide bandwidth of 88 GHz (compared to 40 GHz in conventional design [16]) making the switch suitable for wide band applications.