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Vijayasree Vayalanellore Giridharan,Rajarajan Amirthalingam Thandavarayan,Vasudevan Mani,Taranalli Ashok Dundapa,Kenichi Watanabe,Tetsuya Konishi 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.9
Cognitive disorders such as dementia, attention deficits, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been well investigated. However, effective interventions for the promotion and progression of AD are unavailable to date. The present work was undertaken to investigate the effects of the aqueous (300 and 500 mg/kg) and alcoholic (300 and 500 mg/kg) extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves as an antidementic and anticholinesterase agent and also as an immunostimulant in rats. Maximal electroshock, atropine, and cyclosporine were used to induce dementia. The passive avoidance task was used for assessing memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was estimated in different parts of the brain, and immune status was studied using dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin sensitivity tests. In all the three models both aqueous and alcoholic O. sanctum extracts decreased the time taken to reach the shock-free zone and the number of mistakes and significantly decreased the AChE activity in rats. O. sanctum treatment significantly increased the induration in the DNCB skin test. Therefore, O. sanctum was shown to be useful for the management of experimentally induced cognitive dysfunctions in rats.
Effect of Shengmai-san on Cognitive Performance and Cerebral Oxidative Damage in BALB/c Mice
Vijayasree V. Giridharan,Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan,Tetsuya Konishi 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.6
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Shengmai-san (SMS) on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. The passive avoidance task (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test served as the behavioral models for testing memory. To elucidate the mechanism of its cognitive-enhancing activity, the effects of SMS (2, 4, or 8 g/kg) on activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes and levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and nitrite were evaluated in brain homogenate. Tacrine (THA) (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a reference drug. SMS (4 or 8 g/kg) significantly prevented scopolamine-induced impairments as measured by the PAT and MWM (probe trial session). SMS (4 or 8 g/kg) also significantly reduced the oxidative-nitrative stress, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde and nitrite levels and by its prevention of decreases in glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. The activity of AChE was decreased in scopolamine-treated mice but was inhibited significantly by SMS treatment (4 or 8 g/kg) in both salt- and detergent-soluble fractions of brain homogenates. Further SMS treatment (4 or 8 g/kg) significantly increased the ACh levels in the brain homogenate to a level similar to that observed in THA treatment. Thus, the significant cognitive enhancement observed after 7 days of administration of SMS is closely related to the strong antioxidant properties of SMS in addition to its inhibition of brain AChE activity. These findings stress the critical impact of SMS on higher brain functions such as learning and memory.
Sailaja Pothana,Giridharan Nappanveettil,Surekha Venkata Mullapudi,Harishanker S. Nemani,Senthil Murugan Sengmalai,Jagjeevan Babu Geddam,Devraj J. Parasannavar 한국식품영양과학회 2021 Journal of medicinal food Vol.24 No.11
Obesity is associated with metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Antiobesity drugs are available but have side effects. Hydroxy citric acid (HCA) with ATP-citrate lyase enzyme-inhibiting activity has been identified as a safe potential supplement for weight management and as an antiobesity agent. In the present study, we aim to test the antiobesity potential of the fruit rind powder of G. indica (a plant rich in HCA) in genetically obese rats. Forty-five-day-old Male WNIN/GR-Ob rats were divided equally into four groups with each group having six rats. Group 1 was fed with a standard powder diet (SPD), whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed with SPD containing 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, of G. indica powder for 12 weeks. Food intake, body composition, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid profile, hepatic glycogen, ATP-citrate lyase, and Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were measured. Histological analysis of vital organs and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was carried out in liver sections for citrate lyase score. G. indica significantly decreased food intake, body weight, body fat %, hepatic and circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver steatosis. In addition, G6PDH and ATP-citrate lyase enzyme activities were decreased along with an increase in liver glycogen. The IHC scores of citrate lyase were lower in treated groups. The results indicate that G. indica exerts favorable effects on obesity with a possible mechanism of anorectic effects, suppressed citrate lyase enzyme activity, and improved insulin sensitivity due to the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by the phytochemicals and secondary metabolites.
Structural, vibrational, and enhanced magneto-electric coupling in Ho-substituted BiFeO<sub>3</sub>
Muneeswaran, Muniyandi,Lee, Seung Hoon,Kim, Dong Hun,Jung, Beon Sung,Chang, Seo Hyoung,Jang, Jae-Won,Choi, Byung Chun,Jeong, Jung Hyun,Giridharan, N.V.,Venkateswaran, C. Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.750 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The effect of Holmium (Ho) substitution in BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB> [Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.20)] ceramics is reported. The X-ray diffraction study shows composition-driven rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic (<I>R</I>3<I>c</I> to <I>Pnma</I>) phase transition for Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.15, 0.18, and 0.20) which is confirmed by Reitveld refinement. Raman spectra of Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10) belong to the rhombohedral (<I>R</I>3<I>c</I>) structure. Further increasing the Ho<SUP>3+</SUP> concentration in a BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB> (BFO) system revealed that Raman modes of Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.15, 0.18 and 0.20) were assigned to an orthorhombic (<I>pnma</I>) structure, which is confirmed by the Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction data and TEM analysis. Ferroelectric studies show that the remnant polarization (P<SUB>r</SUB>) gradually decreases for Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.15, 0.18, and 0.20), confirming the transformation from polar to non-polar systems. Magnetic measurement shows ferromagnetic behavior observed for Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ho<SUB>x</SUB>FeO<SUB>3</SUB> (x = 0.10 and 0.20) samples. Further, the magneto-electric coupling is measured in terms of magneto-capacitance of Ho<SUP>3+</SUP>-substituted BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB> samples.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ho<SUP>3+</SUP> substituted BFO ceramics were synthesized by a solid-state reaction. </LI> <LI> Structural transformation from rhombohedral (<I>R</I>3<I>c</I>) to orthorhombic (<I>Pbnm</I>). </LI> <LI> Higher Ho<SUP>3+</SUP> substituted BFO is assigned orthorhombic (<I>Pbnm</I>) by Raman studies. </LI> <LI> Enhanced magneto-electric coupling observed in Ho<SUP>3+</SUP> substituted BFO samples. </LI> </UL> </P>