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( Eunkyoung Kim ),( Myoung Han No ),( Jaesuk Koh ),( Sungwhan Kim ) 한국질량분석학회 2011 Mass spectrometry letters Vol.2 No.2
Molecular compositions of two types of heavy oil were studied using positive atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Vacuum gas oil (VGO) was generated from vacuum distillation of atmospheric residual oil (AR), and slurry oil (SLO) was generated from catalytic cracking of AR. These heavy oils have similar boiling point ranges in the range of 210-650oC, but they showed different mass ranges and double-bond equivalent (DBE) distributions. Using DBE and carbon number distributions, aromatic ring distributions, and the extent of alkyl side chains were estimated. In addition to the main aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, those containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen heteroatoms were identified using simple sample preparation and ultra-high mass resolution FT-ICR MS analysis. VGO is primarily composed of mono- and di-aromatic hydrocarbons as well as sulfur-containing hydrocarbons, whereas SLO contained mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing hydrocarbons. Both heavy oils contain polyaromatic nitrogen components. SLO inludes shorter aromatic alkyl side chains than VGO. This study demonstrates that APPI FT-ICR MS is useful for molecular composition characterization of petroleum heavy oils obtained from different refining processes.
Koh, Jong Kwan,Kim, Jeonghun,Kim, Byeonggwan,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Materials Vol.23 No.14
<P><B>A solid‐state polymerizable conductive monomer with good conductivity and penetration to the photoelectrode</B> is introduced to iodine‐free, solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using an easily accessible and widely applicable fabrication method. A conducting polymer as a hole transporting material effectively penetrates into the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> pores and polymerizes with heating to mild temperatures. The fabricated DSSCs exhibited the highest energy conversion efficiency of 5.4% in N719 dye. </P>
Inverted organic photovoltaic cells using three-dimensionally interconnected TiO2 nanotube arrays.
Kim, Sehwan,Koh, Joo Hwan,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.4
<P>Here we describe a simple sol-gel method to fabricate inverted organic photovoltaics (OPV) using interconnected TiO2 nanotubes (inter-TiO2 NT) as an efficient electron transport layer. Three-dimensionally inter-TiO2 NT arrays were prepared by spin-coating a TiO2 precursor solution on the ZnO nanorod (NR) template grown via the liquid phase deposition method. Upon etching of ZnO NRs, inter-TiO2 NT arrays were generated, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) deeply infiltrated into the pores of inter-TiO2 NT, as revealed by FE-SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inter-TiO2 NT-based inverted OPV reached 3.0% at an air mass of 1.5 (100 mW/cm2), which is a 25% performance improvement compared to flat TiO2 films derived from the sol-gel process or commercial paste. The efficiency improvement arises from facilitated charge separation and collection due to the increased TiO2 interface arera and efficient transport pathway.</P>
Kim, Jeonghun,Koh, Jong Kwan,Kim, Byeonggwan,Ahn, Sung Hoon,Ahn, Hyungju,Ryu, Du Yeol,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.21 No.24
<P>An iodine‐free solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell (ssDSSC) with 6.8% efficiency can be fabricated using conductive polymers and organized mesoporous TiO<SUB>2</SUB>. On page 4633, Eunkyoung Kim, Jong Hak Kim, and co‐workers show the effects of polymer conductivity and transmittance of the interfacial TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layer on energy conversion efficiency. This method can be used for the fabrication of various photovoltaic cells. </P>
Kim, Byeonggwan,Koh, Jong Kwan,Kim, Jeonghun,Chi, Won Seok,Kim, Jong Hak,Kim, Eunkyoung Wiley-VCH 2012 CHEM SUS CHEM Vol.5 No.11
<P>A solid-state polymerizable monomer, 2,5-dibromo-3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (DBProDOT), was synthesized at 25?C to produce a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT). Crystallographic studies revealed a short interplane distance between DBProDOT molecules, which was responsible for polymerization at low temperature with a lower activation energy and higher exothermic reaction than 2,5-dibromo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DBEDOT) or its derivatives. Upon solid-state polymerization (SSP) of DBProDOT at 25?C, PProDOT was obtained in a self-doped state with tribromide ions and an electrical conductivity of 0.05?S?cm?1, which is considerably higher than that of chemically-polymerized PProDOT (210?? S?cm?1). Solid-state 13C?NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed polarons in PProDOT and a strong perturbation of carbon nuclei in thiophenes as a result of paramagnetic broadening. DBProDOT molecules deeply penetrated and polymerized to fill nanocrystalline TiO2 pores with PProDOT, which functioned as a hole-transporting material (HTM) for I2-free solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). With the introduction of an organized mesoporous TiO2 (OM-TiO2) layer, the energy conversion efficiency reached 3.5?% at 100?mW?cm?2, which was quite stable up to at least 1500?h. The cell performance and stability was attributed to the high stability of PProDOT, with the high conductivity and improved interfacial contact of the electrode/HTM resulting in reduced interfacial resistance and enhanced electron lifetime.</P>
지속가능발전목표(SDGs)와 지방정부: 공적개발원조(ODA)의 발전 방안과 제주도 사례
권상철 ( Sangcheol Kwon ),고은경 ( Eunkyoung Koh ) 한국지리학회 2020 한국지리학회지 Vol.9 No.3
국제개발협력은 선진국 중심의 원조 구도에서 파트너십에 기초한 수평적 협력으로 변화하고, 모든 국가를 대상으로 하는 SDGs는 국가 차원에 더해 다양한 주체의 참여를 권장하고 있다. 지방정부는 특히 개발도상국의 SDGs 수립과 실행을 지원하는 ODA의 새로운 주체로 강조된다. 지방정부는 실제 다양한 서비스를 제공하며 쌓은 지식과 경험을 수원 지역과 공유하며 지역간 관계와 발전을 보다 실효성 있게 진전시킬 수 있다. 유럽의 분권화된 개발협력은 규모면에서 소득 대비 높은 비율을 보이며 특정분야 집중에서 범분야로 변화하며 공여에서 수원 현지의 상황을 반영하려 노력하는 모습이다. 또한 지역 간 교류와 협업을 활성화하며 개발협력은 공적개발원조를 넘어 비공적개발원조로도 확대되어 지식과 경험의 공유를 통해 동료학습을 진작시키는 상황으로도 발전하고 있다. 한국의 경험은 아직 짧아 발전을 위한 고려사항으로 대상 선정에 국제사회 그리고 중앙정부와의 조율이 필요하며, 사업 분야에서는 특정 선호 분야 집중에서 수원 지역의 현지 수요를 반영하여 구체화하는 과정이 필요하다. 또한 주류를 이루어왔던 일반적 재정 지원에서 점차 교류와 현지 사업 발굴의 기회를 가지며 상호적 혜택을 누릴 수 있는 분야와 활동을 찾는 노력이 필요하다. 지역 간 교류 활성화는 시민 참여가 활성화되고 개발원조에 대한 이해 증진으로 이어지며 이는 SDGs 달성의 토대를 제공한다. International development cooperation has been changed in two aspects; horizontal cooperative partnership among countries replaces foreign aid by developed countries to developing countries and the implementation of SDGs targeting all countries includes diverse agencies and regional focus in addition to national governments. Local governments play important roles in which the real experiences in providing public services could be shared with those in partner regions who are in short of resources. European decentralized development cooperation begun rather early to put efforts on the recipients’ needs by diversifying target sectors and their circumstances. Local governments’ ODA in early stage could improve in several aspects. It needs to coordinate the ODA recipients’ lists designated by OECD DAC and the priority partner countries selected by Korean government into account with individual local government’s twin regions. Targeting sectors, sector-wide approach would be preferable after considering local conditions and priorities rather than donors‘ competency approach. Also important is sharing knowledge and experiences for better service provision and strengthening local governance. Collaborations among local governments and other agencies would enhance civil society participation. It leads to better understanding of development assistance, and further realizing the SDGs both in domestic and foreign localities.