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‘기도의 법, 신앙의 법(lex orandi, lex credendi)’: 격언의 본래 의미와 역사적 변형
Paul de Clerck,곽진상(Kwak, Jinsang) 옮김 수원가톨릭대학교 이성과신앙연구소 2021 이성과 신앙 Vol.71 No.-
이 논문은 교부들로부터 이어져오는 교회의 오래된 격언, ‘믿음의 법, 신앙의 법’(Lex orandi, lex credendi)의 본래적 의미가 모호하거나 반대적 의미로 사용되고 있는 현실에서 출발하여, 이 격언이 갖는 신앙과 전례, 교의와 전례 사이의 관계들에 대한 신학적 문제를 제기하고, 이 격언의 본래적 의미를 발견적(heuristic)ㆍ역사적ㆍ해석학적 관점에서 파헤친다. 프로스페르의 작품(Capitula, c. 8)에서 기원하는 이 격언은, 준펠라기우스파와 은총에 관한 신학적 논쟁에서 문제를 해결하는 단초가 된다. 본디 이 격언은 ‘모든 이를 위해 기도하라’는 성경의 권고(1티모 2,1-2)에 기초한 전례적 기도문 사용이 그리스도교의 정통 신앙의 규범(regula fidei)이기 때문이다. 그러나 시대와 함께 넓은 의미로 확장된 이 격언은 근대주의자들의 오류에 직면하여 본래적 의미와 반대되는 의미로 해석하고 사용하게 되었다. 마치 신앙의 법(lex credendi, 신앙 내용)이 전례(lex orandi)를 규정하고 결정하는 것으로 자리한 것이다(Mediator Dei, 48항). 저자는 일방적인 교의중심주의 신학과 교황주의 신학을 통해 로마 교도권을 강조하며 나타난 이 역전 현상을 극복하기 위해서는 격언의 본래 의미가 제시하는 것처럼, 성경과 살아있는 교회의 전통에 대한 충실성과 상호 연결성이 인식론적 단절 없이 이루어져야 한다고 주장한다. Starting from the observation of the reality in which the original sense of ‘Lex orandi, lex credendi(Rule of prayer, rule of faith)’, one of the old adages in the Church passed down from the Fathers of the Church, is reversed to mean the opposite, this paper raises questions about the relationships between faith and liturgy, as well as dogma and liturgy, as they are suggested in the adage, and explores the original sense of the adage from the historical, heuristic, and hermeneutical point of view. The adage which originated from Prosper’s work(Capitula, c. 8) serves as a crucial key in solving the theological debate with the Semi-Pelagians concerning the subject of Grace. This is because the norm of the authentic faith in Christianity(Regula fidei) is the utilization of liturgical prayers which are based on the biblical exhortation to ‘pray for all’(1Tim 2,1-2). However, the adage whose meaning has been broadly expanded over time has been interpreted and used, facing the error of the modernist, in the reversed way to its original sense. This then makes it seem as if the law of faith(lex credendi) regulates and determines the liturgy(lex orandi)(cf. Mediator Dei, n. 48). In order to overcome this reversal that is manifested by emphasizing the Roman Magisterium through one-sided dogma-centered theology and ultramontane theology, the author argues that the faithfulness and interconnectedness to the Bible as well as to the Tradition of living Church should be established without epistemological discontinuity, as the original sense of the adage suggests.
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Brodie, Juliet,Chan, Cheong Xin,De Clerck, Olivier,Cock, J. Mark,Coelho, Susana M.,Gachon, Claire,Grossman, Arthur R.,Mock, Thomas,Raven, John A.,Smith, Alison G.,Yoon, Hwan Su,Bhattacharya, Debashish Elsevier 2017 Trends in plant science Vol.22 No.8
<P>Algae are (mostly) photosynthetic eukaryotes that occupy multiple branches of the tree of life, and are vital for planet function and health. In this review, we highlight a transformative period in studies of the evolution and functioning of this extraordinary group of organisms and their potential for novel applications, wrought by high-throughput ‘omic’ and reverse genetic methods. We cover the origin and diversification of algal groups, explore advances in understanding the link between phenotype and genotype, consider algal sex determination, and review progress in understanding the roots of algal multicellularity. Experimental evolution studies to determine how algae evolve in changing environments are highlighted, as is their potential as production platforms for compounds of commercial interest, such as biofuel precursors, nutraceuticals, or therapeutics.</P> <P><B>Trends</B></P> <P>Application of modern ‘omic and genetic methods has significantly advanced our understanding of the origin, evolution, and metabolic potential of unicellular and multicellular algae, as well as their diverse modes of sexual reproduction.</P> <P>The GreenCut proteins, a conserved gene set in the Viridiplantae, are primarily plastid targeted and have key roles in the function and regulation of photosynthesis, including the maintenance of photosynthetic reaction complexes.</P> <P>Lab evolution experiments demonstrate the strong adaptability of microalgae to environmental changes that are associated with climate change, although it is unclear whether these results will hold in natural ecosystems.</P> <P>The development of algae as ‘cell factories’ promises to allow the production of not only endogenous molecules, but also non-native compounds such as high-value pigments, bulk chemicals, or even therapeutic proteins.</P>
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