Legal Crisis and New Technology in Civil Courts: Urgent Need of Adopting Online Dispute Resolution in India

Choung,Yonghwan,Kumari,Saloni 대동문화재단 2021 대동CT연구 Vol.1 No.1

Expeditious settlement of disputes is pre-requisite of free economy, especially in the commercial matters. But pendency and backlog of cases in Indian judiciary has ransacked the working and functioning of nation as a whole. The underprivileged and poor people are the worst victim of this issue. Courtroom Litigation is a lengthy and expensive affair. And the pendency prolongs the cases for years depriving Justice to the needy as well as paralysing the economic activity of the nation. If this issue is not addressed in the near future, it has potential to crash the Indian judicial system under the weight of arrears. The idea of this paper is not to dwell upon the problem. It aims to explore the solutions and optimum methods needed for a reformative measure. Access of justice is a basic human right guaranteed by the common law. The Indian legal system is under constant pressure and questions have been raised as how do they plan to continue the justice delivery system. Thus, there is a need to prioritise the issue of pendency and access to justice to all. Since, a major dependency now lies upon the online and digital mode, the productivity during pandemic and even for future, can be enhanced through improved infrastructure of the online mode of alternative dispute settlement. The pandemic has reshaped how pending cases and future cases will be adjudicated. In light of this, the paper aims to divert the attention towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and specifically Online modes of Dispute resolution and evaluate the efficacy of Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) mechanisms.

The Human Relations Theory

Choung,Woo Il(鄭宇一) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1983 法政論叢 Vol.5 No.1

韓國의 經濟發展과 金融産業의 效率化 方案

林海正,黃廷虎 군산대학교 산업개발연구소 1987 産業開發硏究 Vol.6 No.-

바나나 부산물의 사료화에 관한 연구

정창조,이왕식 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1989 畜産論叢 Vol.4 No.1

제주도 낙농발전을 위한 조사연구 : 젖소 개량 프로그램 정립을 위한 연구 ; (6) New Zealand의 낙농현황과 국제협력 방안

정창조 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1990 畜産論叢 Vol.5 No.1

「江上月」과 「芙蓉軒」 : 고소설의 개작본 An Adaptation of Korean Ancient Novel

차충환 경희대학교 인문학연구소 2002 인문학연구 Vol.6 No.-

This study investigated that Kangsangwol(강상월) and Buyonghun(부용헌) is adaptation on korean ancient novel. The while, Kangsangwol and Buyonghun is notified new work of 1910's years. but this work is adaptation of ancient novel. Kangsangwol is adaptation on Changsungamuirok(창선감의록). Story structure of Kangsangwol and Changsungamuirok is the same. but the matters unfolding aspect is diffrent. Political subject, surrealistic aspect, war story of Changsungamuirok is gone in Kangsangwol. In Kangsangwol, the events unfold by conversation of the chracters. and chracter's chat is humdrum. In Kangsangwol, chracter's mind is unfolded on monologue. Kangsangwol's writer intervene in a work inside frequently. and he refer his thought and judge on those days. Kangsangwol is adapted much. but Kangsangwol is not new work. because Kangsangwol maintain Changsungamuirok's story event and structural frame. A heading of Buyonghun is 'Shinsosul Buyonghun'. but Buyonghun is adaptation on the Hongbaekwhajun(홍백화전). Buyonghun maintain ancient novel's format and above all Buyonghun maintain Hongbaekwhajun's story event and structural frame. accordingly Buyonghun also is not new work. This study aimed to show that Kangsangwol and Buyonghun is each adaptation on Changsungamuirok and Hongbaekwhajun, which korean ancient novel. Next, we try investigating subject consciousness and esthetic consciousness of Kangsangwol and Buyonghun.

스칸디나비아 諸國과 NATO

池楨日 동국대학교 유럽연구소 1985 유럽硏究 Vol.3 No.-

兒童發達에 있어서 貧困環境의 效果

韓忠孝 춘천교육대학교 초등교육연구소 1981 敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

運動負荷에 따른 尿의 17-OHCS,17-KS 및 比重과 血中 Glucose의 變化에 關한 硏究

曺忠鉉,金丘 圓光大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.24 No.2

運動選手와 非運動選手에게 運動負荷後 尿 및 血液成分의 變化를 규명하기 위하여 W大學校에 在學中인 非運動選手(A群)와 運動選手(B,C群) 總30名을 對象으로 安靜時, 運動時 및 休息時에 尿와 血液分析을 通하여 몇가지 成分을 比較硏究한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 尿中 17-OHCS値는 非運動選手에 있어서 運動後 감소하고 休息後 증가하였으나, 球技種目 運動選手는 運動後 증가하고 休息後 감소하였으며, 投技種目 運動選手는 運動後 증가하고 休息後에 보다 증가하였다. 2. 尿中 17-KS値는 非運動選手에 있어 運動後 감소하고 休息後 보다 더 감소하였으나, 運動選手 B群 C群 共히 運動後 증가하고 休息後 감소하였다. 3. 尿의 比重은 非運動選手와 運動選手 共히 運動後 증가하여 休息時까지 같은 比重을 維持하였다. 4. 血中 glucose値는 非運動選手에 있어서 運動後 증가하고 休息後 보다 더 증가하였으나, 運動選手(球技와 投技)는 共히 運動後 증가하고 休息後에는 감소하여 安靜時와 一致하였다. The purpose of this study is to compare with the defference of 17-OHCS, 17-KS and specific gravity of urine and blood glucose of serum in nonathletes and athletes before and after a Run. The subjects of this study consisted of 10 nonathletes and 20 athletes(10 handball player and 10 Boxer or Wrestler) of W University. The results were as follows: 1. 17-HCS levels of nonathletes in urine were decrease after exercise and increase after rest for 30 min., but those of athletes were increase after exercise and more increase after rest for 30 min than after exercise. 2. 17-KS levels of nonathletes in urine were decrease after exercise and more decrease after rest for 30 min. than after exercise, but those of athletes were increase after exercise and decrease after rest for 30 min. 3. Specific gravity of urine in nonathletes and athletes were increase after exercise and the same as levels of after exercise by rest for 30 min. 4. Blood glucose levels of whole blood in nonathletes were more increase after exercise than after rest for 30 min, but those of athletes were decrease after rest for 30 min. and reached to blood glucose levels of resting time.

스칸디나비아 諸國의 安保政策

池楨日 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries, which are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, are influenced by several common considerations. First of all, their cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and religious heritage do bring Scandinavian countries to the Western camp. Scandinavian countries also practice West European type of political democracy. All of these considerations bring Scandinavian countries close to the West instead of her georaphically close neighbor, the Soviet Union. At the moment, the security concern of the Scandinavian countries is directed against the Soviet Union whose communist ideology is alien to them Solutions for their defense problems. that Scandinavian countries seek, vary depending on their national experience and geopolitical situation. For instance, both Norway and Denmark who have experienced German invasion during the Second World War are tied with NATO whereas both Sweden and Finland pursue policy of neutrality. The policy of neutrality of both Sweden and Finland are not same, in that while Sweden follows a course of strong armed neutrality, Finland pursues a policy of "Finlandization", that is, neutral but pro-Soviet neutrality. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are inevitably influenced by the concept of Nordic balance, which has been expounded by the Norwegian diplomat, Egil Ulstein. According to Ulstein, the Nordic balance represents political and military balance based on several considerations. These considerations are, first of all, geopolitical location of the Scandinavian countries being close to the Soviet Union. Second, the East-West superpower confrontation has an impact on the Scandinavian region. Third, security of the central European countries are inevitably linked with the security question of the Scandinavian countries. These considerations that tend to produce Nordic balance have brought about two corollary on the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries: 1. Scandinavian countries avoid any provocative policy against her superpower neighbor, the Soviet Union. 2. Scandinavian countries have pursued an intense policy of defense preparedness in time of peace to combat with a potential military threat from the Soviet Union. Of these policy, the defense policy of both Sweden and Norway deserves our attention for their policy of total defense. Swedish policy of total defense is especially noteworthy for the elaborate scheme. It consists of four different defense programs: 1. military defense, 2. civil defense, 3. Psycholoigcal defense, 4. economic defense. Finally, the study deals with defense problems of the Scandinavian countries on individual basis. Sweden pursus policy of a strong armed neutrality without military tie with the West. Her principal concern is a defense from the North and coastal defense of the Baltic sea. Her current defense issue is the defense cost, that is, whether she could afford to continue to pursue a policy of armed neutrality by supplying herself of 85% of the weapons. Norway's defense problem is primarily defending her long coast to prevent the Soviet Union to secure her stronghold in Norway for the control of the Atlantic. A threat from the land in the Northern area of Norway is considerably eased by the nature, the difficult terrain. Denmark is concerned with the control of the Baltic strait and Jutland area. While Finland attempts to maintain a defense policy against the Soviet Union, her defense policy is heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's security policy. The Soviet Union does not want to see that Finland is going to be used as a corridor for invasion against the Soviet Union. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries eventually boil down to a policy of avoiding provocation against the Soviet Union while preserving their security with maximum efforts. This policy leads to their policy of avoiding the introduction of the nuclear weapons into the Scandinavian region, which may be regarded as a dangerous provocation against the Soviet Union. In sum, the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are to defend themselves against the Soviet Union until a military support arrives from the West while avoding any act that might trigger off nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.