중국 셰일가스 개발 문제점과 지원정책 분석

이채영(Chaeyoung Lee),윤준일(Junil Yoon),이홍(Hong Lee),이영수(Youngsoo Lee),신창훈(Changhoon Shin) 한국가스학회 2015 한국가스학회지 Vol.19 No.2

세계 최대 셰일가스 부존국가인 중국은 자국 국영기업을 중심으로 셰일가스 자원의 개발과 기술 확보에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 중국의 셰일산업은 정부의 적극적인 지원과 기술적인 측면에서의 빠른 성장세를 감안할 때 향후 발전 가능성은 높은 것으로 보이나, 복잡한 지질구조와 상대적으로 심부에 위치한 셰일지층의 특성과 수자원, 인프라 부족 등과 같은 문제점으로 인해 단기적인 발전은 어렵다는 분석도 동시에 있다. 중국은 우리와의 지정학적으로 밀접한 관계는 물론 셰일가스 산업이 아직 초기단계에 있어, 최근 국내에서도 관련기업들을 중심으로 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는, 중국 셰일자원 개발산업과 유관산업의 현황과 문제점 및 중국정부를 중심으로 한 해결 노력과 지원정책 등을 조사, 분석하여 우리기업들이 중국 셰일산업의 미래를 조망하는 데 도움을 주고자 하였다. 나아가 향후 중국 셰일산업의 발전에 따른 영향과 우리의 대처, 협력 및 참여 방안 수립에 참고가 되고자 하였다. 결과적으로, 본 연구에서는 중국의 셰일가스 개발을 위한 다양한 문제점을 검토하고, 중국정부의 정책적 지원, 국영기업의 독자적 기술 확보에 대한 노력과 해외기업과의 협력 추진 및 해외자산 인수 등 다양한 분야의 활동을 조사, 분석하여 제시하였다. China holding the world largest shale resources, has been trying to develop their domestic shale gas fields mainly with its NOCs. Chinese shale industry looks likely to have high potential to grow in the future, considering the eager support of Chinese government and the rapid development of relevant technologies by NOCs. However, there are opposite opinions as well that Chinese shale gas could not play a positive short-term results because of the complexity of structural geology, inadequacy of water resources and related infrastructure. Recently, Korean companies began to be interseted in Chinese shale gas industry, because of the special relationships with Korean industries in terms of geographic proximity and better opportunities due to the early phase of shale gas business in China. In this study, it was tried to help those companies looking out of future Chinese shale gas industry that surveying current status and problems of Chinese shale gas industry and relevant industries and investigating some trials and policies driven by China government. As a result, the various and long-term problems in Chinese shale development were reviewed and the active supports and polices of Chinese government, NOCs trials for establishments of their independent technologies and the cooperation with foreign companies or M&As were also investigated.

Evaluation of Cofactor Markers for Controlling Genetic Background Noise in QTL Mapping

Lee, Chaeyoung,Wu, Xiaolin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.4

In order to control the genetic background noise in QTL mapping, cofactor markers were incorporated in single marker analysis (SMACO) and interval mapping (CIM). A simulation was performed to see how effective the cofactors were by the number of QTL, the number and the type of markers, and the marker spacing. The results of QTL mapping for the simulated data showed that the use of cofactors was slightly effective when detecting a single QTL. On the other hand, a considerable improvement was observed when dealing with more than one QTL. Genetic background noise was efficiently absorbed with linked markers rather than unlinked markers. Furthermore, the efficiency was different in QTL mapping depending on the type of linked markers. Well-chosen markers in both SMACO and CIM made the range of linkage position for a significant QTL narrow and the estimates of QTL effects accurate. Generally, 3 to 5 cofactors offered accurate results. Over-fitting was a problem with many regressor variables when the heritability was small. Various marker spacing from 4 to 20 cM did not change greatly the detection of multiple QTLs, but they were less efficient when the marker spacing exceeded 30 cM. Likelihood ratio increased with a large heritability, and the threshold heritability for QTL detection was between 0.30 and 0.05.

Composite Interval Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci with Granddaughter Design

Lee, Chaeyoung,Lee, Kwang Jeon 한국유전학회 2003 Genes & Genomics Vol.25 No.1

For outcrossing species with limited female fertility, granddaughter design has been effective to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In the design, the sons of informative grandfathers who are heterozygous for the genetic markers are genotyped, and phenotypes of quantitative traits are recorded on the daughters of these sons. The composite interval mapping (CIM) with the granddaughter design to identify QTLs was empirically evaluated through the simulation in this study. The estimates of likelifhood ratios, QTL effects, and linkage positions were better in the populations with a larger family size, but the differences were not large, which implied that the QTL detection did not largely depend on the family size. On the other hand, QTL mapping significantly depended on the number of families in the population. And, the balanced design performed better than the unbalanced. One of the two QTLs simulated in the current study was not detected in the unbalanced population with the heritability of 0.3. This recommended that, in order to detect QTLs, the design should not be used in the population when the heritability was 0.3 or lower. This study also showed that a higher level of heritability led to more significant likelihood ratios and more accurate estimates of QTL effects and positions, enhancing the ability to identify QTLs. Also, precision of the estimates was improved with a large heritability.

Cross-species translation of abiotic stress-responsive genes between Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula.

Chaeyoung Lee,Daejin Hyung,Jinhyun Kim,Dongwoon Yu,Yejin Jo,Jusuk Park,Eunji Kwon,Hongkyu Choi 한국육종학회 2013 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2013 No.07

Cross-species translation of genomic information may play a crucial role in applying biological knowledge gained from one species to other genomes. To screen and identify a broad range of abiotic stress-responsive genes, we employed a diverse array of resources, including Arabidopsis databases (http://www.arabidopsis.org), expression profiling data and previously reported literatures. As a result, a total of 1,377 genes were identified and classified into 18 different functional criteria based on biological processes of gene ontology. The gene set was translated into M. truncatula, which is a representative model system in the Fabaceae, by identifying orthologous genes between these two genomes with a combination of tBlastx and BlastP analyses. It is shown that approximately 82% of genes were estimated to be translated between the two genomes below the E-value of 10-30. These orthologous loci were used to construct comparative maps by developing a user-friendly analysis platform, resulting in a total of 52 synteny blocks. Furthermore, to discover central genes by which control responses to the abiotic stresses, a combination of AraNet (http://www.functionanet.org) and the Cytoscape program was used for the gene network analysis. The analysis resulted in the identification of 240 potential key genes. We anticipate that these genes may impact molecular breeding programs by discovering trait-associated SNPs followed by marker development.

Gene expression profiling study of grapevine in response to the Pierce’s disease and drought stress

Chaeyoung Lee,Daejin Hyung,Jinhyun Kim,Yejin Jo,Jusuk Park,Dongwoon Yu,Hongkyu Choi 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

Susceptible Vitis vinifera responds to Xylella infection with a massive redirection of gene transcription. This transcriptional response is characterized by increased transcripts for phenlypropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, ethylene production, adaptation to oxidative stress, and homologs of pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, and decreased transcripts for genes related to photosynthesis. In addition, the results suggest that susceptible genotypes respond to Xylella infection by induction of limited, but inadequate, defense response. We also compared the transcriptional and physiological response of plants treated by pathogen infection, low or moderate water deficit, or a combination of pathogen infection and water deficit. Although the transcriptional response of plants to Xylella infection was distinct from the response of healthy plants to moderate water stress, we observed synergy between water stress and disease, such that water stressed plants exhibit a stronger transcriptional response to the pathogen. This interaction was mirrored at the physiological level for aspects of water relations and photosynthesis, and in terms of the severity of disease symptoms and pathogen colonization, providing a molecular correlation of the classical concept with the disease triangle.

Integration of comparative genetic maps for ten legume species using gene-based cross-species markers

Chaeyoung Lee,Daejin Hyung,Jinhyun Kim,Yejin Jo,Jusuk Park,Dongwoon Yu,Hongkyu Choi 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2014 No.07

The legume family is the third largest group, including approximately 650 genera and 18,000 species, in the flowering plants and the second important crops to the Poaceae in the agricultural economy. Comparative analysis is a useful tool to understand cross-species genomic structure and alterations during organism’s evolutionary history. In this study, we constructed a composite comparative map of ten legume species, including Medicago truncatula, Medicago sativa, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum, Lotus japonicus, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba L, Vigna radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max. Of these species, M. truncatula, which is a representative model system, played a central role to develop the cross-genome amplifiable PCR gene markers for the purpose of transferring them to other related legume species. A total of 140 cross-species core markers were employed to analyze genomic colinearity across this broad array of legume species. The comparative map demonstrates a diverse array of evolutionary events, such as duplications, inversions and reciprocal translocations. It is anticipated that resulting maps would provide a broader insights into the lineage-specific genomic organization of these glalegoid/phaseoloid legumes, which are two clades containing almost all crop legumes of economic importance, and can further used for the molecular breeding through translating genomic information into other orphan legumes.

Predicting consensus sequence of pre-mRNA splicing signals in legume family

Chaeyoung Lee,Jin-Hyun Kim,Joo-Seok Park,Hong-kyu Choi 한국육종학회 2015 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2015 No.07

For purposes of studying intron structures and predicting consensus splice motifs, a total of 102 legume species were used to isolate introns across the family. Of 196 gene-targeted PCR primer pairs, we successfully amplified 118 intron-containing genes (60.2%) and obtained a total of 1,870 introns with an average size of 143 nucleotides. Species-based compilation of 5’- and 3’-splicing motifs showed lineage-specific conservation in each splicing motif. Compilation of the entire intron set permitted prediction of the consensus sequences of splicing signal motifs in legumes, AYGWGTABABGH and TVNC/TAGGHTV for the 5’- and 3’-splicing motifs, respectively. Interestingly, these consensus motifs are very similar to the corresponding splicing signals of two model systems, Arabidopsis and rice. This result is suggestive of conservation of pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms in higher plants. Multiple alignments of CALTL introns demonstrated that the region from the branch point to 3’ splice site was relatively more conserved than the region from5’ splice site to the branch point. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that each of three splicing motifs, 5’-splice sites, 3’-splice sits, and branch site, was relevant to evolutionary divergence of species and phylogenetically informative, suggesting that splice signal sequences would be useful as a potential tool for the molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Estimation of Interaction Effects among Nucleotide Sequence Variants in Animal Genomes

Lee, Chaeyoung,Kim, Younyoung Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.1

Estimating genetic interaction effects in animal genomics would be one of the most challenging studies because the phenotypic variation for economically important traits might be largely explained by interaction effects among multiple nucleotide sequence variants under various environmental exposures. Genetic improvement of economic animals would be expected by understanding multi-locus genetic interaction effects associated with economic traits. Most analyses in animal breeding and genetics, however, have excluded the possibility of genetic interaction effects in their analytical models. This review discusses a historical estimation of the genetic interaction and difficulties in analyzing the interaction effects. Furthermore, two recently developed methods for assessing genetic interactions are introduced to animal genomics. One is the restricted partition method, as a nonparametric grouping-based approach, that iteratively utilizes grouping of genotypes with the smallest difference into a new group, and the other is the Bayesian method that draws inferences about the genetic interaction effects based on their marginal posterior distributions and attains the marginalization of the joint posterior distribution through Gibbs sampling as a Markov chain Monte Carlo. Further developing appropriate and efficient methods for assessing genetic interactions would be urgent to achieve accurate understanding of genetic architecture for complex traits of economic animals.

식용 가능한 친환경 촉감놀이 재료의 고객 경험에 대한 탐색적연구

Chaeyoung Lee,Jeongyeon Lee 한국서비스디자인학회 2023 한국서비스디자인학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2023 No.1

본 연구는 유아들을 대상으로 한 촉감놀이를 위한 식용 클레이 제품을 상품화하는 서비스디자인 프로 젝트의 탐색적 연구이다 저출산 현상이 지속되는 가운데도 . 유아 완구 시장은 성장세를 보이고 있으 며, 부모들은 안전성을 가장 중요한 선택 기준으로 고려하고 있다. 연구에서는 유아의 촉감놀이와 창 의성 증진, 부모의 놀이 참여에 대한 선행 연구를 분석하였고, 실제 제품을 활용한 사용자 연구를 통 해 주요 고객 타겟의 사용행태와 니즈를 파악하였다. 연구 방법으로는 맥락적 인터뷰, 참여관찰, 포커 스 그룹 인터뷰 등을 사용하여 사용자의 경험을 퍼소나 모델링을 통해 부모와 아동간의 상호작용과 놀이방식을 중심으로 고객을 유형화하였고 이를 중심으로 고객여정맵을 실시하여 아이디어 도출을 통 해 문제점과 개선 아이디어를 도출하였다. 연구 결과는 안전한 촉감놀이를 위한 인사이트를 제공하며, 이를 토대로 다양한 비즈니스 기회를 모색할 수 있다. This is an exploratory study of a service design project to commercialize an edible clay product for tactile play for toddlers. The market for baby toys is growing even as the birthrate continues to decline, and parents consider safety to be the most important selection criterion. In this study, we analyzed previous research on tactile play and creativity in infants and parental involvement in play, and conducted user research using actual products to understand the usage behavior and needs of key customer targets. As a research method, we used contextual interviews, participant observation, and focus group interviews to persona model the user's experience to categorize customers based on parent-child interaction and play style, and conducted a customer journey map to derive problems and improvement ideas through idea generation. The results of the study provide insights into safe tactile play, which can be used to explore various business opportunities.

Age- and gender-dependent heterogeneous proportion of variation explained by SNPs in quantitative traits reflecting human health.

Lee, Dain,Lee, Chaeyoung Springer 2015 Age Vol.37 No.2

<P>Age-related effects are often included as covariates in the analytical model for genome-wide association analysis of quantitative traits reflecting human health. Nevertheless, previous studies have hardly examined the effects of age on the proportion of variation explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms (PVSNP) in these traits. In this study, the PVSNP estimates of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, pulse pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glucose level were obtained from Korean consortium metadata partitioned by gender or by age. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates of the PVSNP were obtained in a mixed model framework. Previous studies using pedigree data suggested possible differential heritability of certain traits with regard to gender, which we observed in our current study (BMI and TG; P?<?0.05). However, the PVSNP analysis based on age revealed that, with respect to every trait tested, individuals aged 40 to 49 exhibited significantly lower PVSNP estimates than individuals aged 50 to 59 or 60 to 69 (P?<?0.05). The consistent heterogeneous PVSNP with respect to age may be due to degenerated genetic functions in individuals between the ages of 50 and 69. Our results suggest the genetic mechanism of age- and gender-dependent PVSNP of quantitative traits related to human health should be further examined.</P>