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A High Throughput Voice Pairgain Chip for HDSL Systems
Uvieghara,Gregory,Larson,Kirk,Cadieux,Kevin,Morse,Doug 대한전자공학회 1997 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.5 No.1
This paper describes a voice pairgain chip, which when used in conjunction with an HDSL transceiver, can transport up to 18 simultaneous phone conversations over a single twisted pairgain copper wires. It has an advantage over ISDN-based voice pairgain chips since it does not have to rely on voice compression to achieve high throughput.
Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box
Kronstad, James W.,Attarian, Rodgoun,Cadieux, Brigitte,Choi, Jaehyuk,D'Souza, Cletus A.,Griffiths, Emma J.,Geddes, Jennifer M. H.,Hu, Guanggan,Jung, Won Hee,Kretschmer, Matthias,Saikia, Sanjay,Wang, J Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2011 Nature reviews. Microbiology Vol.9 No.3
Cryptococcus neoformans is generally considered to be an opportunistic fungal pathogen because of its tendency to infect immunocompromised individuals, particularly those infected with HIV. However, this view has been challenged by the recent discovery of specialized interactions between the fungus and its mammalian hosts, and by the emergence of the related species Cryptococcus gattii as a primary pathogen of immunocompetent populations. In this Review, we highlight features of cryptococcal pathogens that reveal their adaptation to the mammalian environment. These features include not only remarkably sophisticated interactions with phagocytic cells to promote intracellular survival, dissemination to the central nervous system and escape, but also surprising morphological and genomic adaptations such as the formation of polyploid giant cells in the lung.