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Christopher K. Butler,Jessica L. Jones 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2016 International Area Studies Review Vol.19 No.3
Are levels of sexual violence committed by government security forces in a country prior to conflict predictive of levels of sexual violence in that country during conflict? Most of the scholarship on sexual violence focuses on the phenomenon during armed conflict, and in general the assumption made by these scholars is that conflict exacerbates the sexual violence problem. Cross-sectional analysis appears to support this assertion; however, we argue that the comparison group used by cross-sectional analyses is inappropriate for answering the question of whether conflict impacts the amount of sexual violence in a country. Instead, we propose that the appropriate comparison is between peacetime levels of sexual violence and conflict levels of sexual violence for the same country. To test this relationship, we employ data on sexual violence committed by government security forces in a sample of 170 countries for the time period 1999–2011, using a measure similar to that from Butler, Gluch, and Mitchell. Then, we use a variety of descriptive and inferential statistical tests to examine the relationship between conflict from the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset and the level of sexual violence in a country. We find that for cases with variation in conflict across our time period, pre-conflict levels of sexual violence are predictive of conflict levels but, contrary to the common assumption, the prediction is no change in the level of sexual violence for most cases.
BUTLER, GEORGE B.,DO, CHOON H.,ZERNER, MICHAEL C. 순천대학교 기초과학연구소 1990 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.1 No.-
The stereochemistry of alternating copolymers of styrene (ST) with maleic anhydride (MA) was examined by ^13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the stabilization energies and the most stable geometries of complexes and adducts between ST and MA were calculated by the PVCILO program and by INDO/1. The methine and carbonyl atoms of the MA portion and the quaternary carbon atom of the ST portion reveal defferent stereochemistries due to various polymerization conditions, suggesting that the donor-acceptor complex may participate in the copolymerization. The complex postulated according to the Diels-Alder geometry was more stable than that according to [2+2] cycloaddition geometry. It is believed that the stabilization energy is so great that the copolymerization occurs spontaneously via forming a donor-acceptor complex and adducts. The geometries of 1:1 adducts formed by endo and exo approaches in the Diels-Alder geometry mode were also calculated.
An Analytic Study of Channeled substrate planar Phased Arrays
Butler,J.K.,Oh, Hwan Sool 건국대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1986 논문집 Vol.11 No.-
CSP 레이저들의 線形 어레이들의 모우드에 대한 발진 波長과 利得特性을 나타내었다. 어레이 모우드들의 利得값들은 배열이 인접한 요소들의 場을 이용하여 계산된 복소 결합 계수들로 결정된다. 계산결과는 거의 실수값인 場을 가지는 index guided lasers에 대하여 最高次 어레이 모우드가 쉽게 발진함을 보았다. Far field radiation pattern에서, 단지 하나의 단일 로브빔만으로 이루어지는 基本 모우드는 모든 배열 모우드들 중 가장 낮은 모우드 利得을 가진다. 最高次 모우드와 基本 모우드들 사이에서 ??보다 적은 모우드 利得差를 가지며 이것은 약 20%의 光拘束因子에 대해서, 利得差는 근사적으로 ??의 활성층 利得에 해당한다. The lasing wavelengths and gain characteristics of the modes of linear arrays of channel-substrate-planar (CSP) lasers are presented. The gain values of array modes are determined from the complex coupling coefficients calculated using the fields of neighboring elements of the array. The computations show that for index guided lasers which have fields that are almost real valued, or have only slight phase curvature, the highest order array mode will have preferred oscillation. The inphase or fundamental mode which produces only one major lobe in the far-field radiation, will have the lowest modal gain of all array modes. Some of the devices discussed have modal gain differences, between the highest and fundamental modes, of less than ??. For optical field confinement factors of about 20%, this gain difference corresponds to active layer gains of approximately ??.
Computational materials design of crystalline solids
Butler, K.,Frost, J.,Skelton, J.,Svane, K.,Walsh, A. Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Chemical Society reviews Vol.45 No.22
<P>The modelling of materials properties and processes from first principles is becoming sufficiently accurate as to facilitate the design and testing of new systems in silico. Computational materials science is both valuable and increasingly necessary for developing novel functional materials and composites that meet the requirements of next-generation technology. A range of simulation techniques are being developed and applied to problems related to materials for energy generation, storage and conversion including solar cells, nuclear reactors, batteries, fuel cells, and catalytic systems. Such techniques may combine crystal-structure prediction (global optimisation), data mining (materials informatics) and high- throughput screening with elements of machine learning. We explore the development process associated with computational materials design, from setting the requirements and descriptors to the development and testing of new materials. As a case study, we critically review progress in the fields of thermoelectrics and photovoltaics, including the simulation of lattice thermal conductivity and the search for Pb-free hybrid halide perovskites. Finally, a number of universal chemical-design principles are advanced.</P>
Ferroelectric materials for solar energy conversion: photoferroics revisited
Butler, Keith T.,Frost, Jarvist M.,Walsh, Aron The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.8 No.3
<P>The application of ferroelectric materials (<I>i.e.</I> solids that exhibit spontaneous electric polarisation) in solar cells has a long and controversial history. This includes the first observations of the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPE). The recent successful application of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials (<I>e.g.</I> BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB>, CsSnI<SUB>3</SUB>, CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3</SUB>) in solar cells emphasises that polar semiconductors can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review developments in this field, with a particular emphasis on the materials known to display the APE/BPE (<I>e.g.</I> ZnS, CdTe, SbSI), and the theoretical explanation. Critical analysis is complemented with first-principles calculation of the underlying electronic structure. In addition to discussing the implications of a ferroelectric absorber layer, and the solid state theory of polarisation (Berry phase analysis), design principles and opportunities for high-efficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are presented.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Ferroelectric materials offer opportunities for unconventional solar energy conversion. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4ee03523b'> </P>
Butler, Keith T.,Kumagai, Yu,Oba, Fumiyasu,Walsh, Aron The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of Materials Chemistry C Vol.4 No.6
<▼1><P>A screening procedure for identifying eletronically and structurally matched interfaces based on bulk properties is developed and applied to perovskite solar cells.</P></▼1><▼2><P>The rapid progress in performance of solar cells based on hybrid halide perovskites means that devices based on these materials have reached a stage where research interest can now focus on development of robust technology. One of the key questions relating to these (and indeed any) devices is their lifetime and stability which in turn is often influenced by the quality of interfaces and junctions within the device. In this study we present a methodology which allows screening for mechanically stable, electronically suitable interface combinations – applying the technique to screen 175 common semiconductors for viability as electron and hole extracting contacts for CH3NH3PbI3. The screening method can be applied to any semiconductor junction problem and relies on easily obtained experimental or theoretical information – electron affinity, ionisation potential, lattice parameters and crystal structure. From the screening we rank the candidates according to a figure of merit, which accounts for band alignment and chemical/mechanical stability of the interface. Our screening predicts stable interfaces with commonly applied electron extraction layers such as TiO2 and ZnO as well giving insight into the optimal polymorphs, surfaces and morphologies for achieving good quality contacts. Finally we also predict potentially effective new hole and electron extraction layers, namely Cu2O, FeO, SiC, GaN, and ZnTe.</P></▼2>