http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Boersma, K.F.,Jacob, D.J.,Bucsela, E.J.,Perring, A.E.,Dirksen, R.,van der A, R.J.,Yantosca, R.M.,Park, R.J.,Wenig, M.O.,Bertram, T.H.,Cohen, R.C. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2008 Atmospheric environment Vol.42 No.19
We compare tropospheric NO<SUB>2</SUB> column measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the EOS Aura satellite with coincident in situ aircraft measurements on vertical spirals over the southern United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico during the INTEX-B campaign in March 2006. Good correlation with no significant bias (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.67, slope=0.99+/-0.17, n=12) is found for the ensemble of comparisons when the aircraft could spiral sufficiently low to sample most of the NO<SUB>2</SUB> column. Urban spirals where large extrapolations were needed below the aircraft floor (1000ft) showed poorer agreement. We use the OMI observations together with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to estimate emissions of nitrogen oxides over the eastern United States and Mexico in March 2006. Comparison to EPA's National Emissions Inventory 1999 (NEI99) calls for a decrease in power plant emissions and an increase in on-road vehicle emissions relative to that inventory. The rise in vehicular emissions is offsetting the reduction in power plant and industry emissions. These findings are consistent with independent assessments. Our OMI-derived emission estimates for Mexico are higher by a factor of 2.0+/-0.5 than bottom-up emissions, similar to a comparison between the recently released Mexican NEI99 inventory and the bottom-up showing that the Mexican NEI99 inventory is 1.6-1.8x higher.
Piters, A. J. M.,Boersma, K. F.,Kroon, M.,Hains, J. C.,Van Roozendael, M.,Wittrock, F.,Abuhassan, N.,Adams, C.,Akrami, M.,Allaart, M. A. F.,Apituley, A.,Beirle, S.,Bergwerff, J. B.,Berkhout, A. J. C. Copernicus GmbH 2012 Atmospheric measurement techniques Vol.5 No.2
<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers and lidar instruments simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the CESAR site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>4</sub> and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO<sub>2</sub> derived from several independent instruments agree within 25% of one another, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20-30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO<sub>2</sub> instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.</p> </P>
Nahid El Faquir,Quinten Wolff,Rafi Sakhi,Ben Ren,Zouhair Rahhab,Sander van Weenen,Patrick Geeve,Ricardo P J Budde,Eric Boersma,Joost Daemen,Nicolas M van Mieghem,Peter P de Jaegere 한국심초음파학회 2022 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.30 No.4
BACKGROUND: Calcium is a determinant of paravalvular leakage (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This is based on a fixed contrast attenuation value while X-ray attenuation is patient-dependent and without considering frame expansion and PVL location. We examined the role of calcium in (site-specific) PVL after TAVI using a patient-specific contrast attenuation coefficient combined with frame expansion. METHODS: 57 patients were included with baseline CT, post-TAVI transthoracic echocardiography and rotational angiography (R-angio). Calcium load was assessed using a patient-specific contrast attenuation coefficient. Baseline CT and post-TAVI R-angio were fused to assess frame expansion. PVL was assessed by a core lab. RESULTS: Overall, the highest calcium load was at the non-coronary-cusp-region (NCR, 436 mm3) vs. the right-coronary-cusp-region (RCR, 233 mm3) and the left-coronary-cusp-region (LCR, 244 mm3), p < 0.001. Calcium load was higher in patients with vs. without PVL (1,137 vs. 742 mm3, p = 0.012) and was an independent predictor of PVL (odds ratio, 4.83, p = 0.004). PVL was seen most often in the LCR (39% vs. 21% [RCR] and 19% [NCR]). The degree of frame expansion was 71% at the NCR, 70% at the RCR and 74% at the LCR without difference between patients with or without PVL. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium load was higher in patients with PVL and was an independent predictor of PVL. While calcium was predominantly seen at the NCR, PVL was most often at the LCR. These findings indicate that in addition to calcium, specific anatomic features play a role in PVL after TAVI.