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Machining Characteristics of AlN-hBN Composites in End-Milling and Precision Lapping Processes
Beck, Si Young,Shin, Bong Cheol,Cho, Myeong Woo,Lee, Eun Sang,Park, Dong Sam,Yun, Dae Jin,Cho, Won Seung Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2008 Key Engineering Materials Vol.368 No.-
<P>In this study, the machining characteristics of developed AlN-hBN composites were investigated in the end-milling and precision lapping processes. To achieve the objectives, material properties of the developed AlN-hBN composites were evaluated according to the variation of hBN contents. And, required experimental works were performed to investigate the machining characteristics of the composites. First, the machiniability of the composite was evaluated in the end-milling process under various cutting conditions, such as spindle speed, feederate, and depth of cut variations. Also, generated micro cracks caused by the cutting process were investigated via SEM photographs. Next, precision lapping experiments were performed under various conditions, and the results were estimated.</P>
Beck, B.R.,Song, J.H.,Park, B.S.,Kim, D.,Kwak, J.H.,Do, H.K.,Kim, A.R.,Kim, W.J.,Song, S.K. ACADEMIC PRESS LTD 2016 Fish & Shellfish Immunology Vol. No.
<P>The immune tone is defined as an immunological state during which the readiness for immune response is potentiated. The establishment of immune tone in the gut of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was investigated by feeding Lactococcus lactis BFE920 (LL) or Lactobacillus plantarum FGL0001 (LP). LL-fed flounder showed Significantly increased levels of regulatory genes (FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-beta 1), CD18, and CD83 in the gut. In contrast, LP feeding drastically increased proinflammatory genes (T-bet, IL-1 beta, and IAN-gamma) and CD18. This indicates that LL and LP establish different types of local immune tones in the gut through differential activation of innate immune cells: LL activates both macrophages and dendritic cells while LP activates macrophages only. Both of the immune tones required at least a total of 6 probiotic feeds during 72 h for a stable establishment. Once established, the type of immune tone remained steady even up to 30 days (a total of 60 feeds) probiotics feeding. The LL-induced regulatory immune tone enhanced the level of occludin, a tight junction molecule, significantly more than that observed with the proinflammatory immune tone established by LP feeding. Consequently, LL-fed fish showed considerably lower gut permeability than that of the LP-fed group. Furthermore, when orally challenged by Edwardsiella tarda, LL-fed flounder survived at a significantly higher rate than LP-fed fish. The data clearly demonstrate that individual probiotics establish distinct types of immune tone in the fish gut, which in turn influences the immunological status as well as the physiology of the gut. Selection of proper probiotics may be essential for optimal effects in aquaculture farming. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
Presenting a Submenu Window for Menu Search on a Cellular Phone
Beck, Jongmin,Han, Sung H.,Park, Jungchul Taylor Francis 2006 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTIO Vol.20 No.3
<P> This study proposes a submenu window as a navigation aid for mobile Internet access on a cellular phone. The submenu window presents child-level menu items along with their upper-level menu. The effectiveness of the submenu window was investigated in an experiment. The factors manipulated in the experiment include the types of submenu window, age of participants, and timing of presenting the submenu. Task completion time, number of button clicks, and subjective preference were measured while the participants were performing target search tasks. The results showed that they preferred the separate submenu window. The best performance was obtained when the submenu immediately followed the selection of its parent menu. In addition, the participants in their 20s found a target menu item with fewer button clicks than did the teenagers. The separate submenu window with no delay was recommended in terms of both performance and subjective preference. The design guidelines for submenu windows on a small-screen device are also provided. The results of this study are expected to be applicable to menu-driven interfaces of many small-screen devices such as digital cameras and personal digital assistants.</P>
Beck, Michael W.,Oh, Shin Bi,Kerr, Richard A.,Lee, Hyuck Jin,Kim, So Hee,Kim, Sujeong,Jang, Milim,Ruotolo, Brandon T.,Lee, Joo-Yong,Lim, Mi Hee Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Chemical Science Vol.6 No.3
<▼1><P>An <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool designed to target metal–Aβ complexes and modulate their activity was applied to the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) demonstrating the involvement of metal–Aβ in AD pathology.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Multiple factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ), metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metal ions can interact with Aβ species generating toxic oligomers and ROS <I>in vitro</I>; however, the involvement of metal–Aβ complexes in AD pathology <I>in vivo</I> remains unclear. To solve this uncertainty, we have developed a chemical tool (<B>L2-b</B>) that specifically targets metal–Aβ complexes and modulates their reactivity (<I>i.e.</I>, metal–Aβ aggregation, toxic oligomer formation, and ROS production). Through the studies presented herein, we demonstrate that <B>L2-b</B> is able to specifically interact with metal–Aβ complexes over metal-free Aβ analogues, redirect metal–Aβ aggregation into off-pathway, nontoxic less structured Aβ aggregates, and diminish metal–Aβ-induced ROS production, overall mitigating metal–Aβ-triggered toxicity, confirmed by multidisciplinary approaches. <B>L2-b</B> is also verified to enter the brain <I>in vivo</I> with relative metabolic stability. Most importantly, upon treatment of 5XFAD AD mice with <B>L2-b</B>, (i) metal–Aβ complexes are targeted and modulated in the brain; (ii) amyloid pathology is reduced; and (iii) cognition deficits are significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, by employing an <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool specifically prepared for investigating metal–Aβ complexes, we report for the first time experimental evidence that metal–Aβ complexes are related directly to AD pathogenesis.</P></▼2>
Beck, B.R.,Kim, D.,Jeon, J.,Lee, S.M.,Kim, H.K.,Kim, O.J.,Lee, J.I.,Suh, B.S.,Do, H.K.,Lee, K.H.,Holzapfel, W.H.,Hwang, J.Y.,Kwon, M.G.,Song, S.K. Academic Press 2015 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.42 No.1
<P>The effects of a dietary probiotic mixture containing Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis BFE920 isolated from bean sprout and autochthonous Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum FGL0001 originally isolated from the hindgut of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated for the purpose of improving the probiotic effects of Lc. lactis BFE920 on the olive flounder. The immunostimulatory, disease protective, and weight gain effects of Lc. lactis BFE920 were significantly improved when olive flounder (average weight 37.5 +/- 1.26 g) were fed the probiotic mixture (log(10) 7.0 CFU each/g feed pellet) for 30 days. Flounder fed the mixture showed improved skin mucus lysozyme activity and phagocytic activity of innate immune cells compared to flounder fed a single probiotic agent or a control diet. While the levels of neutrophil activity in flounder fed the single probiotic agent or the mixture were similar, they were significantly higher than levels in a control group. Additionally, probiotic-fed flounder showed significantly increased expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in the intestine compared to the control group. Following a 30-day period of being fed probiotics or a control diet, the olive flounder were challenged with an i.p. injection of Streptococcus iniae (log(10) 6.0 CFU/fish). The groups fed the mixed probiotics, Lc. lactis BFE920, Lb. plantarum FGL0001, and the control diet had survival rates of 55%, 45%, 35%, and 20%, respectively. Flounder fed the probiotic mixture gained 38.1 +/- 2.8% more body weight compared to flounder fed the control diet during the 30-day study period. These data strongly suggest that a mixture of Lc. lactis BFE920 and Lb. plantarum FGL0001 may serve as an immunostimulating feed additive useful for disease protection in the fish farming industry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>