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Examining Legacies of Unsuccessful Olympic Bids: Evidence from a Cross-Case Analysis
Becca Leopkey,Paul Salisbury,Cem Tinaz 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2021 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.6 No.3
The purpose of this paper was to explore the legacies of failed bids in applicant and candidature cities for the Olympic Games. More specifically, we were interested in understanding 1) what are the legacies from unsuccessful Olympic Games bids, and 2) what are the prominent issues related to legacy associated with failed bidding attempts? In order to accomplish this, an iterative case study of three previous Olympic bid cities: Manchester (1996, 2000), Chicago (2016) and Istanbul (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2020) were used to better understand this particular phenomenon. Twelve different failed bid legacy themes across the three cases emerged including: brand perception, coordination, community, economic, environmental, knowledge, personal, policy, psychological, relationships, structural, and urban. In addition to the broad legacy themes, two additional failed bid legacy issues were identified and elucidated. They included failed bid promises and a lack differentiation between bid and event legacy.
Governance of Olympic Environmental Stakeholders
Walker J. Ross,Becca Leopkey,Haylee Uecker Mercado 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2019 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.4 No.4
The purpose of this paper was to examine the governance mechanisms that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) utilizes to govern environmental stakeholders in the management of the Olympic Games. A case study was built focusing on archival data from the Olympic Movement. Via a qualitative approach, content analysis was employed to interpret this archival data. Several environmental stakeholders were considered aside from the IOC: Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), local governments, environmental organizations, and sponsors. The IOC utilized a number of policy governance mechanisms to encourage the inclusion of environmental stakeholders into the management of Games. These included a combination of coercive, framework, and voluntarism policies as well as the Host City Contract. These modes of policy governance contribute to the sport event management literature by providing an outline of the most influential environmental stakeholders in the Movement and how the IOC enforces their inclusion and compliance.
Non-Host City Olympic Legacies: The Case of Athens, Georgia and the 1996 Olympic Games
Kristina J. Hoff,Becca Leopkey 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2021 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.6 No.3
Given the need to use additional locations to host Olympic events beyond the host city, very little research investigates these ‘non-host cities’ and their resultant event legacies. As such, the purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a better understanding of non-host city legacies experienced in relation to the hosting of an edition of the Olympic Games. A case study focusing on Athens, Georgia and the 1996 Olympic Games held in Atlanta, USA was used to illustrate this particular phenomenon of interest. Findings revealed five emergent legacy themes: nostalgia, urban development, volunteering, community engagement, and sport development. Moreover, three major factors (planning approach, external factors, and image) created a different Games experience in Athens and thereby distinguished its legacies from ones created in Atlanta. Challenges and issues associated with providing event legacies in non-host cities are also discussed.