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Youth Olympic Games (YOG) 2012—Mission Accomplished? A Retrospective Analysis of Intangible Legacies and the Fulfillment of the YOG’s Goals

Maximilian Seidl,Roman Nagiller,Anna Lang,Sabrina Scheiber,Martin Schnitzer 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2021 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.6 No.3
Even though intangible legacies play an important role in the context of major sports events, research lacks both in depth and breadth. This paper, therefore, investigates intangible legacies of the Innsbruck 2012 Youth Olympic Games by surveying young residents (n = 1,338) 3 years after the event was staged. Special attention was paid to the youth’s level of involvement in the event. Additionally, the fulfillment of the YOG’s goals was analyzed. The results revealed that the YOG’s goals were mostly perceived as fulfilled. Although the local youth had overwhelmingly positive associations with and a positive opinion about the YOG, the event affected their lives only to a minor extent. Overall, our findings confirmed the extant literature and extended it by providing fundamental insights into the event’s image, which can be useful for future YOGs.
2
Establishment of a standard operating procedure for predicting the time of calving in cattle

Dominik Streyl,Carola Sauter-Louis,Anna Braunert,Dorothee Lange,Frank Weber,Holm Zerbe 대한수의학회 2011 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.12 No.2
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Precise calving monitoring is essential for minimizing the effects of dystocia in cows and calves. We conducted two studies in healthy cows that compared seven clinical signs (broad pelvic ligaments relaxation, vaginal secretion, udder hyperplasia, udder edema, teat filling, tail relaxation, and vulva edema) alone and in combination in order to predict the time of parturition. The relaxation of the broad pelvic ligaments combined with teat filling gave the best values for predicting either calving or no calving within 12 h. For the proposed parturition score (PS), a threshold of 4 PS points was identified below which calving within the next 12 h could be ruled out with a probability of 99.3% in cows (95.5% in heifers). Above this threshold, intermitted calving monitoring every 3 h and a progesterone rapid blood test (PRBT) would be recommended. By combining the PS and PRBT (if PS ≥ 4), the prediction of calving within the next 12 h improved from 14.9% to 53.1%, and the probability of ruling out calving was 96.8%. The PRBT was compared to the results of an enzyme immunoassay (sensitivity, 90.2%; specificity, 74.9%). The standard operating procedure developed in this study that combines the PS and PRBT will enable veterinarians to rule out or predict calving within a 12 h period in cows with high accuracy under field conditions.
3
Lymph nodes as barriers to T‐cell rejuvenation in aging mice and nonhuman primates

Thompson, Heather L.,Smithey, Megan J.,Uhrlaub, Jennifer L.,Jeftić,, Ilija,Jergović,, Mladen,White, Sarah E.,Currier, Noreen,Lang, Anna M.,Okoye, Afam,Park, Byung,Picker, Louis J.,Surh, Char BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 2019 Aging Cell Vol.18 No.1
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AbstractIn youth, thymic involution curtails production of new naïve T cells, placing the onus of T‐cell maintenance upon secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). This peripheral maintenance preserves the size of the T‐cell pool for much of the lifespan, but wanes in the last third of life, leading to a dearth of naïve T cells in blood and SLO, and contributing to suboptimal immune defense. Both keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and sex steroid ablation (SSA) have been shown to transiently increase the size and cellularity of the old thymus. It is less clear whether this increase can improve protection of old animals from infectious challenge. Here, we directly measured the extent to which thymic rejuvenation benefits the peripheral T‐cell compartment of old mice and nonhuman primates. Following treatment of old animals with either KGF or SSA, we observed robust rejuvenation of thymic size and cellularity, and, in a reporter mouse model, an increase in recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in the blood. However, few RTE were found in the spleen and even fewer in the lymph nodes, and SSA‐treated mice showed no improvement in immune defense against West Nile virus. In parallel, we found increased disorganization and fibrosis in old LN of both mice and nonhuman primates. These results suggest that SLO defects with aging can negate the effects of successful thymic rejuvenation in immune defense.