http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Toward unrestricted use of public genomic data
Amann, Rudolf I.,Baichoo, Shakuntala,Blencowe, Benjamin J.,Bork, Peer,Borodovsky, Mark,Brooksbank, Cath,Chain, Patrick S. G.,Colwell, Rita R.,Daffonchio, Daniele G.,Danchin, Antoine,de Lorenzo, Victor American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2019 Science Vol.363 No.6425
<P>Despite some notable progress in data sharing policies and practices, restrictions are still often placed on the open and unconditional use of various genomic data after they have received official approval for release to the public domain or to public databases. These restrictions, which often conflict with the terms and conditions of the funding bodies who supported the release of those data for the benefit of the scientific community and society, are perpetuated by the lack of clear guiding rules for data usage. Existing guidelines for data released to the public domain recognize but fail to resolve tensions between the importance of free and unconditional use of these data and the “right” of the data producers to the first publication. This self-contradiction has resulted in a loophole that allows different interpretations and a continuous debate between data producers and data users on the use of public data. We argue that the publicly available data should be treated as open data, a shared resource with unrestricted use for analysis, interpretation, and publication.</P>
Diane Marie Amann(다이앤 마리 아만) 대한적십자사 인도법연구소 2020 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.40
The Policy on Children published by the International Criminal Court (ICC) Office of the Prosecutor in 2016 represents a significant step toward accountability for harms to children in armed conflict and similar situations of extreme violence. This article describes the process that led to the Policy and outlines the Policy’s contents. It then surveys relevant ICC practice and related developments, concluding that despite some salutary efforts, much remains to be done to recognize, prevent and punish the spectrum of conflicted-related crimes against or affecting children.
[ICRC·특별기고] 국제형사재판소 소추부의 『아동정책 보고서』: 아동을 대상으로 하거나 아동에게 영향을 미치는 범죄에 대한책무성 확보를 위한 노력
다이앤 마리 아만(Diane Marie Amann) 대한적십자사 인도법연구소 2020 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.40
국제형사재판소(International Criminal Court) 소추부가 2016년 출간한 『아동정책 보고서』는 무력분쟁과 이와 유사한 극단적 폭력의 상황에서 아동들에게 끼치는 위해에 대한 책무성과 관련하여 중요한 전진을 보여준다. 본 논문은 이 정책에 이르기까지의 과정을 논하고 정책의 내용을 간략히 설명한다. 그런 다음 이와 관련된 국제형사재판소의 실무활동과 관련 진전 상황을 살핀다. 그 결과, 일부 노력이 유익함에도 불구하고 분쟁으로 인하여 아동을 대상으로 벌어지거나 아동에게 영향을 미치는 다양한 범죄를 인지, 예방 및 처벌하기 위해서는 아직도 할 일이 많이 남아 있다는 결론에 이르게 되었다.
Maxima in the thermodynamic response and correlation functions of deeply supercooled water
Kim, Kyung Hwan,Spah, Alexander,Pathak, Harshad,Perakis, Fivos,Mariedahl, Daniel,Amann-Winkel, Katrin,Sellberg, Jonas A.,Lee, Jae Hyuk,Kim, Sangsoo,Park, Jaehyun,Nam, Ki Hyun,Katayama, Tetsuo,Nilsson, American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2017 Science Vol.358 No.6370
<P><B>Pointing to a second critical point</B></P><P>One explanation for the divergence of many of the thermodynamic properties of water is that there is a critical point in deeply supercooled water at some positive pressure. For bulk water samples, these conditions are described as “no man's land,” because ice nucleates before such temperatures can be reached. Kim <I>et al.</I> used femtosecond x-ray laser pulses to probe micrometer-sized water droplets cooled to 227 K (see the Perspective by Gallo and Stanley). The temperature dependence of the isothermal compressibility and correlation length extracted from x-ray scattering functions showed maxima at 229 K for H<SUB>2</SUB>O and 233 K for D<SUB>2</SUB>O, rather than diverging to infinity. These results point to the existence of the Widom line, a locus of maximum correlation lengths emanating from a critical point in the supercooled regime.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 1589; see also p. 1543</P><P>Femtosecond x-ray laser pulses were used to probe micrometer-sized water droplets that were cooled down to 227 kelvin in vacuum. Isothermal compressibility and correlation length were extracted from x-ray scattering at the low–momentum transfer region. The temperature dependence of these thermodynamic response and correlation functions shows maxima at 229 kelvin for water and 233 kelvin for heavy water. In addition, we observed that the liquids undergo the fastest growth of tetrahedral structures at similar temperatures. These observations point to the existence of a Widom line, defined as the locus of maximum correlation length emanating from a critical point at positive pressures in the deeply supercooled regime. The difference in the maximum value of the isothermal compressibility between the two isotopes shows the importance of nuclear quantum effects.</P>
Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea: Sequencing a Myriad of Type Strains
Kyrpides, Nikos C.,Hugenholtz, Philip,Eisen, Jonathan A.,Woyke, Tanja,Gö,ker, Markus,Parker, Charles T.,Amann, Rudolf,Beck, Brian J.,Chain, Patrick S. G.,Chun, Jongsik,Colwell, Rita R.,Danchin, An Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS biology Vol.12 No.8
<▼1><P>This manuscript calls for an international effort to generate a comprehensive catalog from genome sequences of all the archaeal and bacterial type strains.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Microbes hold the key to life. They hold the secrets to our past (as the descendants of the earliest forms of life) and the prospects for our future (as we mine their genes for solutions to some of the planet's most pressing problems, from global warming to antibiotic resistance). However, the piecemeal approach that has defined efforts to study microbial genetic diversity for over 20 years and in over 30,000 genome projects risks squandering that promise. These efforts have covered less than 20% of the diversity of the cultured archaeal and bacterial species, which represent just 15% of the overall known prokaryotic diversity. Here we call for the funding of a systematic effort to produce a comprehensive genomic catalog of all cultured Bacteria and Archaea by sequencing, where available, the type strain of each species with a validly published name (currently∼11,000). This effort will provide an unprecedented level of coverage of our planet's genetic diversity, allow for the large-scale discovery of novel genes and functions, and lead to an improved understanding of microbial evolution and function in the environment.</P></▼2>