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정광수(Chung, Kwang-soo) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2012 江原法學 Vol.37 No.-
부모가 혼인중인 때에는 부모는 공동으로 친권을 행사하므로 부모가 공동친권자이다. 그러나 혼인중인 때에도 부모의 의견이 일치하지 아니하는 경우에는 당사자의 청구에 의하여 가정법원이 친권자를 정하므로, 이 경우에는 부모 중 일방만이 친권자가 된다. 이와 같이 부모가 공동친권자이었다가 부모 중 일방만이 친권자가되는 경우에 친권자 지정이 일어난다. 또한 부모의 일방이 친권을 행사할 수 없을 때에는 다른 일방이 행사할 수 있기 때문에, 이 경우에도 친권자 지정이 일어나는 경우이다. 뿐만 아니라 혼인외의 자가 인지된 경우와 부모가 이혼하는 경우에는 부모의 협의로 친권자를 정하여야 하고, 협의할 수 없거나 협의가 이루어지지 아니하는 경우에는 가정법원은 직권으로 또는 당사자의 청구에 따라 친권자를 정하여야 한다. 다만 부모의 협의가 자(子)의 복리에 반하는 경우에는 가정법원은 보정을 명하거나 직권으로 친권자를 정한다. 이와 같은 경우들에도 친권자 지정이 일어난다. 그 밖에 혼인의 취소, 재판상 이혼 또는 인지청구의 소의 경우에도 가정법원은 직권으로 친권자를 정하기 때문에 이 경우에도 친권자 지정이 일어난다. 그리고 이상과 같은 친권자 지정이 일어난 경우들에 있어서 가정법원은 자의 복리를 위하여 필요하다고 인정되는 경우에는 자의 4촌 이내의 친족의 청구에 의하여 정하여진 친권자를 다른 일방으로 변경할 수 있다. 그러므로 이와 같은 민법상 부모의 일방이 친권자로 지정되는 경우에 친권자 변경이 발생한다. 그런데 최근 한 유명연예인의 사후에 그의 자녀인 미성년자에 대한 친권을 둘러 싸고 논란이 제기된 바 있었다. 널리 알려진 바와 같이 논란의 핵심은 ‘부모의 이혼 시에 일방이 미성년자인 자녀에 대한 친권 및 양육권을 포기하였는데, 친권 및 양육권을 가지고 있던 상대방의 사망 후에 포기하였던 부모 일방의 친권이나 양육권이 당연히 회복되는가?’ 하는 점이다. 이점에 대하여서 그 당시에는 민법상 명문 규정이 없어서 학설이 대립하고 있으며, 판례의 태도에 대하여도 해석상 논란이 제기되었다. 그리하여 본 논문에서는 우선 친권자 변경과 관련하여 그동안 논란이 있었던 친권자와 친권행사자의 개념에 관하여 검토하였다. 또한 친권자인 부모 일방이 사망한 후, 다른 일방이 당연히 친권자로 되는가? 등과 관련하여 논란이 된 점들을 해결하기 위해서 최근 새롭게 개정된 민법규정을 포함한 현행 민법상 친권자 변경이 문제되는 경우들을 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 또한 이러한 경우에 적용되는 친권자 변경제도 및 절차를 포함한 친권자 변경에 관한 민법규정들이 현행 민법(친자법)상 ?친권을 행사함에 있어서는 자의 복리를 우선적으로 고려하여야 한다?는 친권행사의 기준에 비추어 볼 때, 과연 얼마나 타당한가를 검토하고 이에 관한 개선방안도 모색하여 보았다. Recent times a famous korean actress was died. She was a divorcee. By the bye, at the time of divorce she"s former husband(a divorce) resigned a parental authority and upbringing about own children. So she had taken care of their children from divorce time before she died. After that time parental authority and upbringing about children has become an issue. The discussion in this article is about whether it is fit to approve non-parental custodian. Parents have the prior responsibility to foster their children, but non-parental custodians should play a person in parental authority role in this case where it is unfit children to be brought up by their own father. In this case Non-parental custodians(exe. grandparents) can be viewed as people who are in charge of a person in parental authority, and it would be desirable, for the best interest of the child, to invest certain authority like parental authority on them. Nowadays a matter of primary concern of the Parental Authority Law is the protection of the best interest of the child in the Welfare of the child light. The purpose of this article is to study the Welfare of the child in the current Korean Civil Law and present an amendment of the current Korean Civil Law as an improvement of policy through the systematic complementation. This article consists of 5 parts. Chapter 1 is The introduction(The point at issue: Raise several point). Chapter 2 is A conception of a Person in Parental Authority and a Exerciser of a Person in Parental Authority. Chapter 3 is The Change of a Person in Parental Authority. Chapter 4 is An Improvement(as an amendment of the current Korean Civil Law). Chapter 5 is A conclusion.
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鄭光洙(Kwang-Soo Chung) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2003 江原法學 Vol.16 No.-
For generations, American law has professed "the best interests of the child" doctrine, a "threshold standard," as the basis for american court decision and legislative intent concerning children. Especially I have studied concerning the Best Interests of the Child in the American Adoption Law. As a result, The best interests of the child should be the guiding and controlling factor in determining its custody. However, the following discussion will note: 1) where a american court disregarded the "best interests of the child" standard and awarded custody to the father on the basis of the natural father's claim that his parental right was improperly terminated; 2) where a american court awarded custody under a "best interest of the child" standard notwithstanding the fact that the biological father defied orders from two state courts to return a child to the mother's home; and, 3) where a court could not overlook a filing error, and denied a grandmother's adoption petition. The third case is the basis for this study, and it clearly offers the proposition that committing a large error, like refusing to relinquish a child, does not preclude a court from applying the standard, but a small error, like a filing mistake, does. As the Kittle court concluded, "Our first and foremost concern here, as in all child custody cases, is the welfare of the child. All other matters, including the misconduct of the father in violating court orders," and you have the holding that the Supreme Court of Illinois should properly have made: "Since the child is the real party in interest, it is his best interest and corollary rights that come before anything else, including the interests and rights of biological and adoptive parents." substitute "the procedural error committed by L.S.C." for "the misconduct of the father in violating court orders," and you have the holding the Utah courts should properly have made to allow L.S.C. to have at least visitation rights with her grandchildren, if not a hearing on the merits of her petition to adopt them outright.
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정광수(Kwang Soo Chung) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2004 江原法學 Vol.18 No.-
Parental authority over children derives from the traditional principle of parental autonomy, where parents are the primary decision-makers for their children, without interference from the state or from third parties. This principle of parental authority is also protected as a fundamental right under the United States Constitution, and since 1965 has been described as part of the right of privacy developed in Griswold v. Connecticut. The state limits parental authority where the child is being harmed by the parent's decision or where there are other compelling public polices. Because of the importance of the concept of parental autonomy in American society, the limitations, when they are imposed, tend to be minimal intrusions. The procedures for the termination of this right must, therefore, meet constitutional standards. The Supreme Court has held the following concerning procedural standards. An indigent parent does not automatically require the appointment of counsel to represent him or her in a termination proceeding, but a court must determine on a case-by-case basis whether this particular indigent parent needs counsel. If such counsel is needed, the state appoints and pays for the counsel. The standard for termination of parental rights is that of the best interests of the child. The standard of proof, however, that the state must meet in proving that it is in the best interests of the child to terminate parental rights is by clear and convincing evidence. Also adoption is a court procedure by which an adult becomes the legal parent of someone who is not his or her biological child. Adoption creates a parent-child relationship recognized for all purposes-including child support obligations, inheritance rights and custody. While in most cases adults adopt miners, it is possible in most states for one adult to adopt another. Regardless of type, adoptions can be granted only by a court and are allowed only when the court declares the adoption to be in the best interests of child. To assist the court in making this determination, the state (or local) welfare department conducts on investigation into the home maintained by the prospective adopting parents. The court looks at: the occupations, earnings and stability of the prospective parents; the medical, emotional and physical needs of the child; religious and racial compatibility; whether the prospective parents has any criminal record or history of child abuse; the age of the child. Especially I have studied concerning the Best Interests of the Child in the American Parental authority and Adoption Law. As a result, For generations, American law has professed "the best interests of the child" doctrine, a "threshold standard," as the basis for american court decision and legislative intent concerning children.
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