박정희 시대 담화문을 통해 본 과학기술정책의 전개

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국과학사학회 2012 한국과학사학회지 Vol.34 No.1

The purpose of this study is to understand the discourse on science and technology (S&T) policies during the Park Chung Hee era (1961~1979) through investigating the presidential statements and addresses. I will focus on the meaning, structure, and change of the discourse on S&T. In the early 1960s, S&T was not considered an important element in government policies and S&T was mainly mentioned in the context of technology education. However, S&T grew in stature as time went on and by the mid-1960s the regime recognized S&T as a useful means for economic development. Around 1970, S&T began to be considered an essential factor for national security and the regime started utilizing S&T as the ideology for national mobilization through the "Scientification Movement of the Whole Nation" in the mid-1970s. Although the emphasis on S&T gradually increased during Park`s era, the discourse on S&T was secondary to the discourse on the national economy and security. The regime did not clearly distinguish between science and technology and the discourse on technology was dominant because of its close relation to economic growth.

박정희 시대 과학기술 "제도 구축자": 최형섭과 오원철

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ),강미화 ( Mi Hwa Kang ) 한국과학사학회 2013 한국과학사학회지 Vol.35 No.1

This study examines the careers of Choi Hyung Sup and O Won-chol, who led science and technology policy during the Park Chung Hee era (1961-79), and discusses their roles as institution builders. Choi, a “science bureaucrat,” established the foundation for the scientific and technological development of South Korea and implemented researcher-centered science and technology policies. Not losing his identity as a researcher, this former metallurgist reviewed his experiences in Bases for Science and Technology Promotion in Developing Countries, thereby also exhibiting his aspect as a science policy researcher. O, an “industry organizer,” established and implemented policies for the growth of the defense industry and the promotion of the heavy chemical industry, which had a considerable effect on science and technology policy. After retirement from government service, he captured the attention of academia by writing the voluminous Korean-type Economic Construction, which systemized South Korea`s industrial policy based on his experiences. The two figures` accomplishments as institution builders were based not only on their individual capabilities, but also on the historical condition of the Park era.

나비분류학에서 인문학까지 -석주명식 확산형 학문의 전개와 의미-

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 제주대학교 탐라문화연구소 2012 탐라문화 Vol.0 No.40

석주명은 나비분류학 연구에서 시작하여 고전 조사 및 박물학사 정리, 방언에서 인구학까지 걸친 제주학 연구, 그리고 에스페란토운동에 이르기까지 과학과 인문학을 넘나드는 폭넓은 학문활동을 전개했다. 그는 자신의 나비연구를 단순히 생물학 연구에 가두지 않고 국학의 한 분야로 자리매김하고자 했고, 이를 위해 나비와 관련된 역사와 언어에 대한 탐구를 추가했다. 한반도 전역을 누비며 방대한 표본을 채집하는 연구방법 덕분에 각 지역마다 독특한 방언과 역사에 흥미를 갖게 되었고, 특히 제주도에 대한 관심은 6권에 달하는 제주도 총서의 집필로 이어졌다. 그는 인문학에 대한 자신의 관심을 나비연구의 궁극적 목적인 자연과 인생의 조화를 도모하기 위해서였다고 설명했다. 결국 석주명이 보인 폭넓은 학문활동은 나비연구의 가치와 위상을 높이기 위한 ``인문학적 나비학``이었으며, 방대한 자료 수집을 기본으로 하는 나비연구의 연장이었다. Beginning with butterfly taxonomy, Seok Ju-myeong was involved in a wide variety of academic activities including the investigation of classics, organization of natural history, dialect to demography in the Jeju Studies, and the Esperanto movement. Not wanting to limit his butterfly research to the field of biology, Seok Ju-myeong added butterfly-related history and language in the hopes of expanding his study to the Korean Studies level. While collecting large numbers of specimens across the Korean Peninsula, he gained an interest in the unique dialect and history of each region. Intrigued by the study of Jeju, he wrote the six-volume series on Jeju. He explained that his interest in the humanities served to promote the harmony of nature and life-the ultimate purpose of his butterfly research. Aimed at enhancing the value and status of butterfly research, Seok Ju-myeong`s diverse academic activities can be seen as a ``humanities approach to butterfly studies`` as well as an extension of his vast data collection.

1960년대 과학기술 붐: 한국의 현대적 과학기술체제의 형성

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국과학사학회 2007 한국과학사학회지 Vol.29 No.1

연구논문 : 1980년 정부출연연구기관의 재편성: KIST의 KAIST로의 통합을 중심으로

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국과학사학회 2009 한국과학사학회지 Vol.31 No.2

한국과학기술연구소(KIST)의 변천과 연구활동

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국과학사학회 2006 한국과학사학회지 Vol.28 No.1

This paper examines the transformation of KIST(Korea Institute of Science and Technology) from its early beginning till its merger with KAIS(Korea Advanced Institute of Science) in 1981, inquiring into its R&D activities. KIST was initially set up as a contract research institute in 1966. The Contract research system of KIST had two objectives. One objective was to reform the natural features regarding R&D of Korea, and the other one was to accomplish its financial independence from the government. KIST could obtain some of good results for the former objective. However KIST was transformed to a national project institute in 1978, it failed to accomplish the latter objective. The conversion meant the increase in the dependence on government endowment, and that KIST became highly susceptible to the change of the government policy and the political power. In the end, KIST was merged with KAIS soon after the death of president Park Chung-Hee, a KIST`s absolute guardian.

한국 근현대 과학사의 초등교육 활용 방안

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2009 초등과학교육 Vol.28 No.2

한국과학기술연구소 설립 과정에서 한국과 미국의 역할

문만용 ( Man Yong Moon ) 한국과학사학회 2004 한국과학사학회지 Vol.26 No.1

농민일기에서 나타나는 기술수용과 그 양가성에 대한 연구

손현주(Son, Hyeon-Ju),문만용(Moon, Man-Yong) 역사문화학회 2016 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.19 No.1

이 글은 『창평일기』와『아포일기』를 바탕으로 한국의 압축근대화 과정에서 농민들이 겪게 되는 근대적 경험으로서 기술의 수용과 그 과정에서 나타나는 양가성의 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. 그 동안 기술수용에 관한 연구는 기술수용모형에 기반한 정량적 연구에 집중하여 미시사적이고 질적인 연구가 부족하였고, 기술을 사용할 때 직면하는 상호모순적인 감정과 생각 등과 같은 양가성에 대한 측면을 등한히 하였다. 이에 본 논문은 일상 활동, 이야기, 사건 등을 담고 있는 일기를 통해 농민의 기술에 대한 경험을 알아보았다. 두 농민이 경험한 기술수용과정의 특성은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기계와 기술의 수용을 적극적으로 한다는 것이다. 둘째, 기술수용과정에서 농민들이 노동의 개인화를 지향하면서 공동체가 와해되는 경향이 있다. 셋째, 기술수용에 영향을 미치는 요인은 유용성, 편리성 등과 같은 내적 요인 외에 정부의 강력한 정책, 영농교육 같은 외부 영향 요인도 중요한 역할을 하였다. 넷째, 농촌지도소와 같은 농민 교육 및 훈련 프로그램이 신기술을 농민들에게 전파하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 다섯째, 기술수용과정이 반드시 경제적 합리성에 근거하고 있지 않다는 것이다. 또한 기술수용과정에서 나타나는 양가성은 크게 3가지가 있는데, 첫째, 기술의 해방적 기능과 기술에 대한 부정적 인식, 둘째, 사적이익을 위한 기술과 공적이익을 위한 기술, 셋째, 기술수용과정의 합리성과 비합리적 관행 등이다. 마지막으로 본 논문의 의의는 그 동안 소홀히 취급되었던 농민들의 기술수용과정의 특징을 밝혀낼 수 있었다는 것이다. This paper constitutes of the analysis of the technology acceptance process and the ambivalence experienced by two Korean farmers as recorded in their diaries: the Diary of Changpyung and the Diary of Apo, during a period of compressed modernization. In regard to the technology acceptance process, previous studies concentrated on quantitative research such a technology acceptance model rather than a micro and qualitative approach, and largely ignored the aspects of ambivalence that fosters mutually contradictory feelings and ideas. This paper, therefore, explores a farmer’s experience of technology through diaries focusing on daily activities, stories and events. The technology acceptance progress can be defined by 5 characteristics. 1) Two farmers pursue new technologies aggressively, because they believed that they will benefit from using various technologies. 2) The adoption of new technologies by the farmers resulted further individualization, resulting in the breakdown of the rural community’s support network. 3) The farmer’s acceptance of technology is affected by external factors such as government policies and education as well as internal factors such as perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. 4) Agricultural education and the training system provided by agricultural extension offices played a significant role in bringing knowledge of new technologies to the farmers. 5) The technology acceptance process is not always based on economic rationality. We identify the three major ambivalences of technology acceptance that played a central part in the modern technology usage experience in the rural area: (1) technology of human liberation and negative attitude toward technology, (2) personal interest and public interest (3) rational and irrational practice of the technology acceptance process. And finally, the significance of this paper is to detail the distinct features of the farmer’s technology acceptance process which has been relatively neglected as a research topic.

'조선적 생물학자' 석주명의 나비분류학

문만용 한국과학사학회 1999 한국과학사학회지 Vol.21 No.2

In his relatively short period of career from 1931 to 1950, Seok Joo-myung(石宙明, 1908-1950) made a significant achievement in the taxonomy of Korean butterflies. Examining the length of forewings and the numbers and positions of eye-spots, he tried to handle his specimens with statistical method. He was not aware of the burgeoning statistical methods in modern taxonomy. Yet, his success was largely due to his statistical sensitivity in his classificatory endeavors: He was able to correct the errors of many "splitters" through his numerous observational data statistically interpreted. Seok dubbed his research on the Korean butterflies as "the Korean(indigenous) biology". What he meant by "the Korean biology" was that his research on the butterflies should be considered a part of the classical, or traditional national studies, namely, Korean studies. His biology was not a mere natural science, but also a part of his effort to understand Korea including Korean culture and humanities. Some corroborating evidences revealing his tendencies in corporating science into general culture could be seen from his early interests in the international language and from his later studies on the dialect of the Chejoo island, as well as from his strenuous effort coining the indigenous names for the butterflies identified. In fact, there was a visible movement on the Korean national studies during the mid-1930s, and Seok was actively getting along with some major figures leading the movement. Indeed, the pursuit of "the Korean biology" was the expression of Seok's approach to understand Korea as a whole.