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      • Korean Archaeology for the 21st Century: From Prehistory to State Formation

        최몽룡 ( Choi Mong-lyong ),리송내 ( Rhee Song-nai ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2001 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.14 No.-

        Since the 1950s American archaeologists have focused particularly on the origins and evolution of cities, civilization, and state formation. Concurrently, origin of agriculture became the subject of intense scholarly interests. But, the current status of Korean archaeology, with its emphasis on typology and chronology which are the two main topics of the traditional archaeology, may be considered to not yet have elevated the level of the Classificatory-Historical Period of American archaeology. To overcome this predicament, a number of scholars have sought to introduce as well as to apply to Korean archaeology modem archaeological approaches of the new and post-processual archaeology of West. In terms of future prospect for the 21st century Korean archaeology, it is expected that from the new evolutionary perspectives, the primary attention will be given to the emergence of kinship(clan)-based hierarchical chiefdom societies for dolmen builders during the Bronze Age (15th - 4th century BC) and their evolution into highly stratified and more advanced ancient state of the Wiman-Giosǒn (194 - 108 BC during the Former Iron Age (Iron Age I, 300 - 1 BC)in the Korean peninsula. Along with the increasing emphasis in socio-cultural developments, a new chronological framework will also be established. In this regard, an increasing attention will be given to regional archaeology and to the chronology of socio-cultural developments at various regional levels. This will un1oubtedly modify the uniform. chronology hitherto applied to the whole Korean peninsula. While it is still within the realm of hypothesis, it appears that the evolution of Korean culture was multi-linear and highly complex, and unlocking the complexity will become the task of the 21st century Korean archaeology. In the emergence of early states in Korea, Chinese influence, politically, economically, socially, and culturally, played a salient role. Discovery of Chinese coins Wu-shu-Chien, Panliang-Chien and Ming-Tao-Chien throughout the Korean peninsula suggests an existence of interaction sphere between the Chinese and local Korean polities during the dynamic iron age. Particularly, Korean interaction with Chinese commanderies in the northwest, a small China within Korea with all of Chinese cultural elements, greatly enhanced increasing socio- cultural complexity among local Korean polities in all walks of life including introduction of Chinese writing. In this paper the traditional chronology of Korean bronze and iron age is revised as follows: 300 BC for the lower limit of the bronze age; 300 BC - 1 BC for the Former Iron Age (Iron Age I); AD 1 - AD 300 for the later Iron Ages (Iron Age II or Early Three Kingdoms Period). This revision reflects recent archeological investigations and also simplifies the traditional chronology for 300 BC - AD 600. Underlying this revision is the hope to overcome and further refine chronological differences resulting from the on-going regional studies. Also presented here is a chronology of Korean prehistory to be standardized for the 21st century Korean archaeology: · Paleolithic Period: Currently, there is too much controversy regarding the upper limit, all the way from 700,000 BP to 200,000 BP. This problem is yet to be resolved. · Neolithic Period: from 8,000 - 10,000 BC to 2,000 - 1,500 BC. · Bronze Age: 1,500 BC - 300 BC (available date common throughout the whole Korean Peninsula) · Former Iron Age (Iron Age I: 300 BC - 1 BC, formerly Early Iron Age). · Later Iron Age (Iron Age II/Early Three Kingdoms: AD 1 - AD 300 (formerly, Proto-Three Kingdoms Period or Sam Han Period). And finally Korean archaeology, deeply involved in salvage archaeology up to now, must strive for quality in terms of scientific analyses and interpretations. 1his calls for efficient and effective utilization of laboratory methods already used in natural science.

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