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류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),윤효정(Hyojung Yoon),엄익춘(Igchun Eom),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),김순신(Sunshin Kim),조만수( Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.2
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for air pollutant exposure modelling and understanding the contribution of respective microenvironments by assessing the time-activity patterns of Korean students according to variables such as grade, sex, weekday, and weekend. Methods: In this study, we compared the residential time of 521 (both weekday and weekend) lower elementary students, 1,735 (1,054 on weekdays, 681 on weekends) upper elementary students, 2,210 (1,294 on weekdays, 916 on weekends) middle school students, and 2,366 (1,387 on weekdays, 979 on weekends) high school students in different microenvironments according to grade, sex, weekday, and weekend. We used data from the 2014 Time-Use Survey by the Korean National Statistical Office for upper elementary students through high school students, and surveyed time-activity patterns of 521 lower elementary students aged 7-9 years. Each microenvironment was divided into indoor, outdoor, and transport. Indoor environments were divided into home, school, and other places. In addition, the results of previous studies were compared to this study. Results: Weekday time-activity patterns of Korean students indicated that lower elementary students spent 16.02±2.53 hr in the home and 5.37±2.32 hr in school. Upper elementary students spent 14.11±1.79 hr in the home and 6.27±1.37hr in school. Middle school students spent 12.83±2.22 hr in the home and 7.48±1.88 hr in school. High school students spent 10.65±2.86 hr in the home and 10.23±2.86 hr in school on weekdays. High school students spent the least amount of time in the home and the most time in school compared to other grades Conclusions: Students spent most of their time indoors, including in the home, school, and other indoors. On weekdays, as the grade increases, home residential times were decreased and school residential times were increased. Differences in time-activity patterns according to sex were not found for either weekdays or weekends. It is estimated that Korean students could be affected by school indoor air quality. High school students could be most affected by school indoor air quality since they spent the most time at school.
가습기살균제 피해 신청자들의 인구학적 특성 및 노출평가
최윤형(Yoon-Hyeong Choi),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),윤정교(Jeonggyo Yoon),이슬아( Seula Lee),곽정현(Jung Hyun Kwak),한보영(Bo-Young Han),추연희(Yeon-Hee Chu),김판기(Pan-Gyi Kim),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2018 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.44 No.4
Objectives: The aim of this study was to introduce the overall progress of exposure assessment to humidifier disinfectant (HD); to present participants’ demographic characteristics, exposure characteristics to humidifier disinfectant, and exposure classification; and furthermore to compare those characteristics between survivors and non-survivors. Methods: An assessment of environmental exposure to HD was conducted using modified HD-specific questionnaires that had been previously validated. We analyzed the data from 4,482 participants who had been potentially exposed to HD and had registered with the KEITI (Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute) from September 2016 to May 2018 (the fourth survey). Environmental exposure assessments were performed as follows: 1) contact with participants, 2) environmental exposure assessment though face-to-face interviews, 3) assessment review and coding, and 4) exposure rating. Results: Overall, survivors made up 77.1% (3,457 subjects) and non-survivors made up 22.9% (1,025 subjects). When compared with the survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of subjects aged >60 years and subjects who answered as suffering lung damage and having purchased HD because it is “Beneficial to health” (p<0.05). For the exposure characteristics compared to survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of cases of distance from humidifier to face being less that one meter and the spray direction being toward the face (p<0.05). Overall, respondents who used the “Oxy Ssak Ssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun”, “Aekyung Gaseupgi Mate”, “Homeplus Gaseupgi Chungjungje”, and “E-Mart Gaseupgi Salgyunje” products made up 66.1, 12.3, 4.0, and 3.6%, respectively, and 72.5% of respondents used products with PHMG as the active chemical.?When compared with survivors, non-survivors had a higher proportion of use of “Oxy Ssak Ssak New Gaseupgi Dangbun” but a lower proportion of use of products with CMIT/MIT, PGH, or PHMG as the active chemical. Conclusions: This study provided demographic characteristics and exposure assessment for applicants who have been injured by HD. In spite of the limitations of performing past exposure assessment through a questionnaire survey, such as recall bias, useful results may be obtained by comparing survivors with non-survivors. Further studies such as the exposure rating method and so on are necessary to assess past exposure to HD.
PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) 흡입독성참고치 산출을 통한 가습기살균제 노출등급 분류 및 특성
김은채(Eunchae Kim),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),최영태(Youngtae Choe),허정(Jung Heo),이슬아(Seula Lee),조은경(Eun-Kyung Jo),최윤형(Yoon-Hyeong Choi),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.3
Objectives: The Korean Ministry of Environment has identified cases of people suspected of suffering lung disease potentially caused by polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) used in humidifier disinfectants (HDs). Exposure assessment for the HDs was conducted using a questionnaire during face-to-face interview. The main purposes of this study were to develop a methodology to effectively classify levels of exposure to HDs based on a questionnaire. Methods: We first identified the overall participants’ exposure characteristics by HD exposure levels; Second, we selected misclassified subjects and investigated characteristics of overestimated and underestimated subjects, focusing on exposure cases to PHMG-containing HDs. An inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for PHMG was produced on the basis of inhalation toxicity values. We made a cross-tabulation of the exposure classes (Exposure classes 1-to-4) by clinical classes based on the RfC. When the value of the exposure class minus the clinical class was 0 or 1, we assumed these were true values. When the value was ≥2 and ≤ −2, we assigned these cases to the overestimation group and underestimation group, respectively. Results: The overestimated group may have already recovered and responded excessively due to psychological anxiety or in order to receive compensation. On the other hand, relatively high mortality rates and surrogate responses for those under 10 years of age may have resulted in inaccurate exposure assessment for underestimated groups. For the characteristics of exposure, it was shown that for the underestimated group, the exposure was relatively weaker than the overestimated group, even though a high overall clinical rating was determined. Conclusions: This study may suggest ways to reduce bias and overcome the limitations of current HD exposure assessment.
Monte-Carlo 모의실험을 통한 부분 인구집단별 벤젠 및 PM 10 의노출 및 위해성 평가
박진현(Jinhyeon Park),양소영(So Young Yang):박윤경(Yunkyung Park),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),김은채(Eunchae Kim),최영태(Youngtae Choe),허 정(Jung Heo),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2019 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.45 No.3
Objectives: The Korea Ministry of Environment regulates concentrations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) through Atmosphere Environmental Standards to protect public health from HAPs. However, simply determining the exceedance of HAP concentrations has several limitations and more comprehensive assessment is required. In addition, integrated risk assessment is needed considering exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoor as well as indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk by sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk for Koreans. Methods: In this study, we calculated time-weighted average exposure concentrations for benzene and PM 10 among preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly using residential time and concentrations for indoor (house, school or workplace, other), outdoor, and transport by the meta-analysis method. The risk assessments were conducted by excess cancer risk and disease death risk using 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in their house, workplace, or school, respectively. The more than 99% excess cancer risk for benzene exceed 1.0E-06 in all sub-populations and lifetime. The acute disease death risk for PM 10 for housewifes and workers for lifetime were 3.35E-04 and 3.18E-04, and chronic disease death risks were 2.84E-03 and 2.70E-03, respectively. Conclusions: The risk of benzene and PM 10 by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewifes and workers were assessed. Benzene showed risky results for this study. All disease death risks of PM 10 were higher than 1.0E-04 and showed different risks by sub-population. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment to benzene and PM 10 .