동화와 전이 : 이창래의 『제스처 라이프』

김미현(Kim Miehyeon) 새한영어영문학회 2010 새한영어영문학 Vol.52 No.2

Chang-rae Lee’s A Gesture Life contributes to contemporary American literatures of immigration and assimilation in exposing the broad and complex context of trans-national, cultural and racial movements. Lee explores the complexity of transferential movements in the narrative of border-crossing experience and assimilation. The two narrative movements in Franklin Hata’s story, one facing towards the traumatic past experience and the other seeking belonging and closure for his life, show transferential interactions between the past and the present. Hata’s identity becomes multiple and complex with his movements over the border lines of nationality, ethnicity, culture and race and also by the drive of assimilation into the dominant cultures. With this multiple mechanism of identification and transferential/transcultural movements, A Gesture Life shows a failing of the reenfranchisement that the subjects of racial, ethnic, or other minorities claim. This work shows that the failure is the constitutive one of the paradigm of a unitary origin and stability of subjectivity. Hata’s attempt to mobilize a national identity through a rigid policing of both raced and gendered bodies exposes fissures in the assimilating drive. Rather Lee’s work attempts at the possibility of “newness” coming in transnational experiences and hybrid existences. As Homi Bhabha argues, borderline existences open up a cultural space where the negotiation of incommensurable differences creates a tension. The transferential movement in Hata’s narrative is the condition of his life, and the memory of K becomes where continuous reworking with the ethical consideration for a new or other possibility takes place.

기원의 서사—워싱턴 어빙의 립 반 윙클

김미현(Miehyeon Kim) 한국아메리카학회 2017 美國學論集 Vol.49 No.1

“Rip Van Winkle” is a story about the cultural demand for creating origins in the past for the newly-built America and its European immigrants’ new identities as Americans. Despite his absence during the revolution, Rip becomes the “chronicle” of the past to the “rising” generation, and his encounter with strangers in the Catskill Mountains is remembered as a meeting with ancestor figures. The multiple narrators, the allusions to European texts, the native American legends, and the claims of veracity in the story show that the story is framed in structure and in theme by irony and self-consciousness. The ambivalence of the narrative constructed through the multiple narrators’ claims of veracity and satire of it can be a narcissistic division of idealization and aggression. As Grant Stirling points out, the characteristics of narcissism resonate with the self-reflexive aspect of metafiction. In this sense, this work can be Irving’s meta-narrative with a generic challenge to historical reconstruction and critique of the narratives of the American Revolution driven by cultural and political needs to establish certainty and origin.

시공간과 감정― 『강남1970』

김미현 ( Kim Miehyeon ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2018 비교문화연구 Vol.53 No.-

2015년 발표된 유하 감독의 영화 『강남1970』은 바흐찐이 말하는 서사 속 시공간의 결합관계, 크로노토프의 중첩을 살필 수 있는 서사다. 이 영화는 또한 강한 야망과 폭력으로 부와 권력을 이루려는 개인의 서사와 1970년대 서울 강남개발을 둘러싼 비리와 폭력, 한국 사회의 변동사, 그리고 그것을 회고하는 현재의 시각이 어우러진 서사이다. 본 논문은 이 영화가 폭력을 휘두르며 범죄를 일삼는 주인공의 행보를 경제개발 시대 변화에 참여하여 그 이익을 향유하고 부를 축적하는 것을 성취로 받아들인 70년대 일반인들의 욕망의 맥락 속에서 제시하고 현재 한국 최고가 부동산 지역으로 여겨지는 강남에 대한 다수의 선망에 기대어 관객의 공감을 얻고자 했다고 본다. 서사의 중심이 되는 강남은 관객의 시공간에서 한국 현대의 변화를 집약하는 실제 장소이며 한국 사회의 욕망을 대변하는 상징적 장소다. 한국인들은 경제개발을 최우선 과제로 삼은 상황에서 경제적 성취를 향한 비교와 경쟁에 익숙해졌고 도시화된 삶에서 자본주의가 생산해내는 상품과 새로움의 환상의 악순환에 묶였다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 의미에서 이 영화는 한국사회의 집단적 감정으로서 선망에 기댄 작품이라고 할 수 있다. 『』강남1970『』은 그러한 한국인의 욕망의 양상을 조폭영화 서사로 풀어나간 영화라고 할 수 있다. 강한 야망과 폭력으로 급격하고 막대한 부의 성취를 하려는 개인의 모습이 그 시대 보통사람의 욕망으로 치환되고 막대한 부에 대한 강한 야망, 폭력적이고 공격적인 정서가 거리감 없이 공유된다면 문제가 된다. 역사적 집단적 회고나 현재 사회적 정서가 선망으로 채색되는 것은 그 집단, 사회가 심리적 분열의 문제를 직시하지 못하고 있다는 표시가 될 수 있다. In this essay, I examine the interactions of chronotopes in the narrative of Gangnam Blues, a film written and directed by Yu Ha and released in 2015. Bakhtin’s chronotope, the connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships in literary narratives, provides the background for the representability of events and becomes the organizing center for the events. Each chronotope offers a different way of acting, interacting and understanding experience, and chronotopes can interact with each other in a single text or between the reader and the represented world. Gangnam Blues is a gangster movie, first of all, showing an individual’s illusion of an unlimited possibility for achieving wealth and power. At the same time, the film describes the government’s project to transform Gangam, a rural area in the south of the Han, into a new downtown and residential area for Seoul. As the world in the narrative and the world of the author or the reader are all chronotopic, we can see the interactions of chronotopes between the narrative of an individual and the historical narrative, as well as between the narrative about the beginning of Gangnam and the audience’s perception of the present Gangnam. In this film, the main character’s ambition is shown as part of the social desire for rapid economic achievements in the 1970s, along with high social mobility. The social desire can be explained as envy, as it is fueled by social comparisons and competitions. The main character’s pursuit of money and power through the possession of Gangnam land overlaps with the envious desire for the present Gangnam shared by many. The individual’s exceptional ambition and violence are not fully examined in this text. Moreover, the film’s dependence on the feelings of envy to represent the individual’s choice and violence can be a symptom of the lack of critical distance from social desire and envy.

「서기 바틀비」

김미현(Miehyeon Kim) 한국아메리카학회 2013 美國學論集 Vol.45 No.2

Bartleby in Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street" has been much discussed as a figure of political resistance or for a new community especially by philosophers since the late 20th century. The political or philosophical implication of the character and the story cannot be denied, but as many critics and reviewers agree on the "inscrutability" of the character and the difficulty in contextualizing the story in one philosophical or critical framework, the meaning and power of Bartleby and his resistance should be examined in his relationship with the anonymous lawyer, the narrator of the story. Bartleby's effect can be examined in the changing emotions of the lawyer. Emotion or affect as an important part of social interaction and power formation can be a way of understanding why the lawyer cannot resist Bartleby's "unreasonable" and "unaccountable" act or dismiss him after his imprisonment. The lawyer shows mixed and conflicting emotional reaction to Bartleby, but he manages to maintain sympathy repressing his consternation, resentment, and even contempt towards Bartleby. However, his "sincere pity" and "pure melancholy" witnessing Bartleby's absolute isolation and poverty soon turn into repulsion and fear. The consequent act of running away from Bartleby can be understood as coming from the realization of the limit of his sympathy and from his fear of Bartleby's influence. Sympathy in this sense can be an emotion in which one realizes his limit in placing himself in the other and comes to face the decision for action of responsibility. Bartleby's intriguing remark of not complying leads the lawyer to face his limit for acting for Bartleby. Bartleby's imprisonment shows the boundary of the society with which it secures its stability and limits the radical singularity and act of responsibility.

선망과 폭력-허먼 멜빌의 『빌리 버드』

김미현(Miehyeon Kim) 한국아메리카학회 2020 美國學論集 Vol.52 No.1

Melville explores envy’s destructiveness in Billy Budd. Melville shows civilization and intellectuality can drive envy into the worst case of violence and moral violation. Claggart’s envy of Billy Budd is driven by his keen insight into Billy’s innocence and its “moral phenomenon.” Claggart’s false accusation of Billy of inciting the crew to mutiny can be a case of meaningless violence as he intends to destroy the goodness because he cannot have it. Vere adopts the sovereign role to determine “the state of exception” and makes Billy a victim of the political violence with his argument of “military necessity” in convicting Billy of murder of Claggart, a superior, and sentencing him to death. Agamben writes, the sovereign decision “suspends law in the state of exception and opens a sphere permitted to kill without committing homicide” and without religious meaning. Captain Vere joins Claggart in hidden envy of a model. For Vere, Nelson becomes a model of leadership, and Vere makes Billy “a surrogate victim” in Girard’s sense. Girard sees that violence from mimetic rivalry “always finds a surrogate victim” “if the initial object remains persistently out of reach and continues to provoke hostility.” In this sense, Vere’s violence toward Billy can be seen as a case of substitution in mimetic rivalry and scapegoating.

Effects of Genre-specific Instruction and Strategy Training on the Use of Academic Reading Strategies

김현옥(Hyeon-Okh Kim),김미현(Miehyeon Kim) 팬코리아영어교육학회(구 영남영어교육학회) 2023 영어교육연구 Vol.35 No.2

The present study comprises two phases of research. First, the study investigated whether EFL university students’ uses of academic reading strategies are different depending on genre-specific instruction. Second, it examined whether strategy training influences the students’ use of academic reading strategies. Additionally, it explored whether the students’ reading abilities interact with the results. In the first phase, 93 English majors from two concurrent EAP courses completed a questionnaire and their responses were compared to identify differences in the strategy uses according to the genre-specific instruction they received in linguistics and literature. The results indicated that problem-solving strategies were used most, followed by support reading strategies, and global reading strategies least. Although there was no significant difference in the strategy uses between the groups of two genres, high-proficiency students in the linguistics group used significantly more of global reading strategies than their low-proficiency peers. In the second phase, 47 students participated in a six-week training of EAP reading strategies implemented in EAP reading in linguistics. Analyses of pre- and post-survey responses revealed a significant increase in the students’ use of global reading strategies, while problem-solving strategies and support reading strategies showed little or no change. Implications were discussed. (196 words)

교육과정 개편의 요구분석을 통한 영문학 교육의 방향성 탐색

김현옥(Hyeon Okh Kim),김미현(Miehyeon Kim) 한국영미문학교육학회 2011 영미문학교육 Vol.15 No.2

This paper aims at seeking for a new direction of curriculum change for teaching English literature by reflecting the specific needs and perceptions voiced by the students. Coupled with individual and focus-group interviews with several students, a survey questionnaire was distributed and completed by a total of 269 students of the English major. The students’ ideas and opinions were further triangulated with the professors’ suggestions gathered via department-wide conferences. While most students valued the practical component of the curriculum, still many of the students were eager for the in-depth study of literary works, demanding for offering more literature courses in specific genres. In the mean time, a more student-centered curriculum was called for by taking into account the students’ difficulties in the core courses and developing bridge courses helping the students cope with English-medium lectures. The curriculum change also requires a balance between divergent needs and multiple perspectives and an on-going effort and attention should be given to the curriculum being implemented, directing towards a more viable model of English literature education.

영어영문학21제26권 2호 : 영어영문 전공영어 독해강좌의 필요성에 대한 요구 분석

김현옥 ( Hyeon Okh Kim ),김미현 ( Miehyeon Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학21 Vol.26 No.2

This paper reports on the development of an academic reading course specifically designed for the students majoring in English Language and Literature. In order to investigate the particular needs and challenges in academic reading among English majors, the study developed a survey questionnaire, which was completed by a total of 117 students who were taking five different courses offered at the department of English Language and Literature at a university at the time of inquiry. The study was also paralleled with an instructional seminar among the faculty members, contributing to the what and how about the new academic reading course in the question. The findings are as follows: More than half of the students were aware that the academic English texts in core courses for English majors differ from other English texts for general purposes in terms of vocabulary, contents and background information, which might cause the processing difficulties in the reading comprehension task of English textbooks and references for English majors. Many students expressed positive opinions about the offering of a reading course in academic English to surmount the linguistic and cognitive difficulties specifically targeted towards English majors. The students` responses varied depending upon the individual factors: The lower the students` perceived levels of language proficiency, the higher the perceived difficulty of the academic English text for English majors, the stronger their needs in the training of an academic reading course in order for deeper understanding of English texts for English majors. To develop and successfully implement an EAP reading course for English majors, preliminary analyses on the linguistic and cognitive features across different courses and sub-areas of major studies should be conducted. What is more, the stepwise procedures of materials development, evaluation and subsequent modifications of the course calls for the on-going feedback through reanalysis of target students` needs as well as the collaboration among the faculty members and researchers.

유령 아버지와 그 딸들 : 토니 모리슨의 『러브』

김미현 새한영어영문학회 2008 새한영어영문학 Vol.50 No.4

Toni Morrison in her fictional works has examined African Americans' emotional and psychological struggles and plights in white America and painful race matters from slavery to modern times. Examining the pervasiveness of racism, Morrison focuses on the African American family and the parent-child relationships with her unflinching presentation of violence, abuse, or inheritance of self-hatred or shame in the family and the relationship. Beginning with Cholly's rape of his daughter, Pecola, in The Bluest Eye Morrison investigates the political oppressions, cultural anxieties, and realities of African American fathers. After continuous and in-depth observations of black fathers in her works, Morrison in 2003 Love presents a rich and powerful black father named Bill Cosey, who was a proprietor of a costal resort for black people in the 1940s and looms large even long after his death as his second wife Heed and his grand-daughter Christine feud over his will to claim his property. Love can be seen as Morrison's attempt to highlight the effects of hegemonic American images of masculinity and fatherhood on African American women. To the female characters, Cosey evokes the image of a guardian, powerful father, and lover with the gaze in his portrait and the story of his success in business, personal charm and charisma. As the chapters with the headings-Portrait, Friend, Stranger, Benefactor, Lover, Husband, Guardian, Father, and Phantom-show, Cosey assumes power over the female characters-Junior, Vida, Heed, Christine, and May-as their yearning for protection or memory of hardships, hurts, and abuses drives them to find an ideal image of a male protector in Cosey. Cosey can be understood as an embodiment of patriarchal abstractions. He is powerfully present in the memories of those whose lives revolve around him and in the images created by the desiring subjects. While powerful as a figure in the portrait and as a phantom, he is also shown as weak, sentimental, selfish, and dangerous in Sandler's and L's stories. Morrison presents Cosey as an embodiment of the ideology of patriarchal hegemony and the paternal capitalistic system, and at the same time, as a black man whose power and business is secured through bribery to the white authorities and who inherited his father's guilt in making a fortune from working as a police informer to persecute his own race. While Junior, Heed and Christine are moved by the gaze or the phrase in his will, "To the sweet Cosey child," their stories reveal the sexual tension and domination in their relationship with Cosey. Delving into this drama of submission and domination in the young women's relationship with Cosey, and alternating the abstract image and the fragile and dangerous image of Cosey, Morrison shows the ideological effects of patriarchal abstractions on African American women, and suggests that African American women should deal with patriarchy in its various manifestations and its psychological power.