구들과 민속과 환경

김남응(Kim Nam-ung),정동찬(토론자) 비교민속학회 2001 비교민속학 Vol.21 No.-

몽골의 주거생활과 난방방법

김남응(Kim Nam-ung) 비교민속학회 2002 비교민속학 Vol.22 No.-

Every Korean traditional dwelling have equipped with the heating accomodations called “Gudul” or “Ondol”. This heating method cooperated with the smoke pass through under the floor-tunnel level of “Gorae” to warming up the surface of room-floor. A very similar heating method can be found in early Roman as well as Northern China and Mongolian settlement which they still exist today. There ate opinions of this heating method which started in one region and extended to the other culture by experience of similarity of floor hearing method in different areas. Myself, as researcher’s point of view, heating method of Roman is basically different from the evolution of the oriental floor heating method. The oriental floor heating method is originally developed by the people of “Goguryo”, an ancestor of Korean in B.C. 300., and propagated to Chinese and Mongolian culture. This paper cross examine dwelling and life style of Mongolian - specially an explanation of the difficult situation regarding the Mongolian heating method as the cradle of floor heating. The summaries are as follows : Firstly, needs of abundant flat stone for useful floor stone to construct “Gudul”. 71 percent of Mongolian land is grassland and 8 percent of forest, others are known as highland. There are plenty of grass for the stock farming but less for the stones. Specially, it is very difficult to find the flat stones for the construction of stone floors. Secondly, even if they found flat stone, weighty stone are not easy to transport comfortably on the camel’s back. And this is transportation obstacle of first prerequisite of Nomadism “Gudul” heating method is suitable for the permanent dwelling and there are less evidences to conceive the method for Mongolian. Thirdly, it require a many days to construct “Gugul”. With Mongolia’s cold weather conditions, it is very difficult to spent many days for the construction work. Moreover, within the grassland of Mongolia, water is very valuable resource thus they even rarely take bath and do laundry. It is very difficult to have mixed wet mud and construct “Gore” cover with flat stone for sleeping-bed and dehydrate the facilities. Fourthly, every factors of “Ger” is adjusted to “roving”. Characteristically, floor heating facility is a “built-in” equipment. Therefore, it is suitable for long-term dwelling environment; hard labor and investments of dwelling accommodation for a few months in one place is not attractive.

앙코르 王國의 寺院建築에 나타나는 배치특성에 관한 硏究

최규학(Choi. Gyu-Hak),임진택(Lim. Jin-Taek),김남응(Kim. Nam-Ung) 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out the property of the Angkor Temple layout and present the basic research material about The Angkor Architecture. Khmer civilization constructed the temple for represent their religious sacredness and the temple was the house for God. The results of this study is as follows ; 1) Angkor Temple was consist of the tower-shrine, Bae-gyun(place of obeisance), library(stook room), fence(corridor), gate 2) Temple was arranged in geometrical squared and rectangle block plan. 3) Main tower-shrine(symbol of Meru Mt.) was placed at the center of temple, and Sub tower-shrine was placed at around the main tower-shrine. Tower-shrine was toward to East and libraries was placed at the front of that. 4) Main Axis was East-West, Sub-axis was North-South. 5) There was symmetrically repeated.

온돌과 하이퍼코스트의 차이점

김남응 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.1

Ondol, also called as Gudul, is a traditional heating system which Koreans transmited from ancient time. This is a similar principal of hypocaust applicated primarily in thermae of ancient Greek and Roman culture. However, Ondol have been constantly developed for a permanent Korean national heating system since it was introduced. Today, all the Korean households has accommodation with the floor heating system. Hypocausts has been forgotten its technology after the Roman period until the mid 1800s when it began to known their existence again by the archeological excavation. Those two heating methods are similar principal that started in the prehistoric age, nevertheless, Ondol have been evoluted thru present time for accommodation when hypocaust have been forgotten technology nearly 1400 years. What was the causes? This study have closely compared between Ondol and hypocaust to discover and illustrate more than 10 different environmental, technological standpoints, in addition, the reasons to face a different destiny between Ondol and hypocaust are presented with the persuasive solutions.

朝鮮時代 書院建築의 配置와 外部空間 特性에 關한 硏究 : 道東書院을 中心으로

金南應 단국대학교 대학원 1980 學術論叢 Vol.4 No.-

This thesis pertains to architectural studies on the Seowon(書院), a kind of academic institution, most of which were built during the Choson Dynasty period as private educational institutions. This paper purpose to show the layout and the characteristics of the exterior space of the Dodong Seowon located at 35 Dodong dong, Kuji-myon, Dalseung-kun, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. The main purpose of this study is to discover materials to be employed in modern creative architecture by analyzing the techniques of the space-composition of the past; to re-evaluate the trend in Korean architecture, and to hand down the results of the analyzed materials to posterity. Even though there have been many studies on the architecture of Buddhist temples, king's palaces, and tradition residences in Korea, there have been only few sporadic researches on the architecture of the Seowon, the number of which amounts to 120 at present in the entire country. Many of the ruins of remains of the ancient Seowon building have been well preserved to this time. Since the wooden structures are very easy to decay or transform, it is rather difficult to preserve the original forms without repainting or rebuilding them. Thus, it is essential to preserve the records of the original architectural forms of these Seowon. Historically, Dodong Seowon, originally called Ssangge Seowon first was vuilt at the foot of Bisl Mountainin Hyunpoong-myon, in 1568, not far from the present site and later rebuilt on the present site in Dodong-dong. In order to discover the factors influenting to the exterior space of the Seowon architecture, this paper also attempts to analyze not only the Seowon in relationship with the social and political system of that period, that is, the environment, education, religion, customs, and natureworship, including the wind-and-water geomiantic theory(Poong-soo: 風水) which was based on the philosophy of Oriental peoples connected with the architecture of that period. The results of the study on the characteristics of the exterior space of Dodong Seowon through prospecting the Seowon architecture and by analyzing the data collected during the investigation can be summarized as follow: 1. The use of the layout of the STRAIGHT-LINE AXIS is a rare example in Korean architecture. It introduces the feeling of stability and balance of space through establishing symmetrical balance.(see. fig. 8) 2. The function of space has been protected to the maximum through the SPACE DIVISION. Space division has been achieved according to the functions and the use of the building. The main factors of space division are primarily the fences and their differences in space-level, and the buildings and their bases show futher development of their specification. (see. fig. 11,9) 3. as a way of maintaining the flow the SEQUENCE OF SPACE, the fences behave a s a factor to control the space-flow, and the gate at the middle of the fence functions like a control valve to restrain the quantity of the space-flow as connectors joining one space with another. (see. fig. 17) 4. Since the spaces provide DEEPNESS, SOLEMNITY, CONCENTRATION POWER AND ABSORPTION POWER, it may be the result of employment of the characteristics of the layout of a straight-line axis. Futhermore, as a way of enhancing the feeling of such spaciousness, the name board designation the building as "Dodong Seowon" is employed as a object of sight-axis and is placed where everyone can see it directly from the outside of the Seowon when one steps on the first stone-stair, thus showing a special architectural technique to be highly appreciated. 5. Both the SPACE-OPENNESS AND SPACE-ENCLOSURE FACTORS are satisfactorily employed, that is, the adequate combination of the low fence and the high-ground level opens a cool vista toward the natural beauty around the site from the inside, while the viewing the inside from the outside is prevented so that the interior privacy can be well maintained. (see. fig. 25) 6. The HIERACHY OF SPACE is also observable here, and this is a natural results of employing slopes as ideal sites according to the geological feature of a mountainous country like Korea. Furthermore, the social code of conduct of that period emphasizing ancestor-worship and spacial regards for social status also greatly influenced the layout of each space. (see. fig. 26)

韓國動亂 이후의 한국 改新敎建築 禮拜空間 平面特性에 관한 硏究

임광성,박현철,김남응 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study is to understand the variation characters of the Protestant worship space after the Korean war which classified by evaluation of its period, type, denomination, and scale. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Postwar Korean Protestant worship space can be classified as 8 different shapes-rectangular, square, cross, trapezoid, circular, fan-type, elliptical, and irregular shape. (2) A rectangular type was traditional plan until 1968 before Je-Am church plan was introduced with a circular shape to furtherance diversification of the space plan. (3) The Presbyterian church dominated in adoption of a rectangular shape and the Methodist for a square type. This is an evident to make assumption that the Methodist is less conservative and open-minded to new forms. (4) Frequently as well, square, fan-type, and circular form is adopted in a small scale church. This phenomenon was not intended to shorten the distance between altar and nave, but rather related to exuviate from conventional form, pursuit symbolism, and imitation of an aptitude of a large scale church. (5) Application of the multi-media facilities and popularizations are the transformation factors of the worship ceremonies-provoke a conversion of a new church planning concept in the future.

도시맥락적 이해에 기초한 중정형 집합주거에 활용한 몇 가지 관점

박현철,장재원,김남응 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(계획계)

The purpose of this study is to consider the architectural situations of collective housing in Korea in detail, to grasp real problems thereof on the situations from an objective critical viewpoint, form a architectural planning theory based on a city concept for solving related problems, to present a reasonable alternative plan based on the theory and to examine the architectural planning methods and physical program of the proposed alternative plan. The city theories of modern times, if the frameworks for their analysis and clarification are examined under what visual premise their theory and movement started, can be divided into theories to form city from architecture and theories to realize architecture from city.