중국인 한국어 학습자 말뭉치에 나타난 중간언어 분석 연구

강현화 ( Hyounhwa Kang ) 연세대학교 언어정보연구원(구 연세대학교 언어정보개발원) 2017 언어사실과 관점 Vol.41 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the learner`s use of Korean language based on the Chinese Korean learner`s corpus. For this purpose, we analyze the learner`s corpus such as location of errors, error patterns and, error layers of form markers based on learner`s written and spoken corpus. The results are as follows. First, when we analyze the use patterns of Chinese Korean learners by their proficiency and parts of speech, the use of pronouns and numerals is higher in most proficiency level than whole learner and the use of adverbs and exclamations is also noticeable. The usage pattern of the ending was lower in all the connection, pre-final endings transformation ending except the final endings, and the usage of all the postpositions except the nominative postposition is lower than the average proportion. In spoken language, we find that the usage rates of proper nouns, dependent nouns, pronouns, numerals, copula-ida, connective adverbs are relatively low, and the use of each part of speech varies greatly depending on the proficiency. The results of analyzing the error location in parts of speech show that the error rate in the functional words is higher than that of the real words and that the error occurrences are higher in the intermediate level in written language and the levels two and three in spoken language. Second, the results of the error pattern show that the Chinese learners are more likely to have a higher error rate of spelling error than the whole learners, and that there tend to be more missing errors in the beginner level and more substitution errors in the intermediate and advanced levels. Third, the results of the analysis of the linguistic error by proficiency show that the phonemic errors are most salient. Discourse errors are not significant due to insufficient data. In the written language, the error rate of the whole learner and the Chinese learner are different, but not large. Until the levels one through four, the error rates are higher for whole learners compared to Chinese learners, but they decrease gradually, and in the level five, the percentage of Chinese learners` errors is slightly increased. There is found little error in spoken language.

한국어능력시험(TOPIK) 어휘 분석 연구

강현화(Kang, Hyounhwa),홍혜란(Hong, Hyeran) 한국사전학회 2015 한국사전학 Vol.- No.25

In this study, we analyze vocabularies from previous TOPIK tests and investigate the features appeared in the quantitative distribution of vocabulary and their implications and attempt to draw conclusion as follows: First, the TOPIK test needs to take the followings into further consideration. 1) It should more strictly implement evaluation goals according to the level of proficiency and appropriate vocabulary control considering testee’s academic pressure. 2) It should develop methods to deal effectively with repetitive appearances of the same vocabularies and themes while not turning to the introduction of new themes. 3) It needs to develop various types of questions to keep a balance in vocabulary amounts used in the areas of expression and understanding. Second, we compare the differences in vocabulary amounts between the TOPIK test and Korean language teaching materials and find that the number of vocabulary in the TOPIK is much larger than the average number of Korean language teaching materials. Third, we examine the overlapping frequencies of vocabularies used in the TOPIK test and general corpus of texts (four genres) and their implications, and find that the overlapping frequency is very low because a wide range of topics and vocabularies are covered in the general corpus whereas the TOPIK test are very restricted in terms of topics and vocabularies.

한국어교육 자료의 어종별 복합어의 특성 연구

강현화 ( Hyounhwa Kang ) 한국문법교육학회 2016 문법 교육 Vol.26 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyze usage patterns of the complex words in the Korean educational materials according to the types of the words such as pure Korean words, Sino-Korean words and loanwords. This study also attempts to investigate word-formation units(affix in case of derivative words and the types of roots in caes of compound words) comprising complex words and to identify the word=formation units with high productivity. This study finds several facts based on the analysis as follows. First, the number of vocabulary according to the types of words becomes larger in order of Sino-Korean words, pure Korean words, hybrid words and loanwords, with the number of Sino-Korean words almost doubling pure Korean words. The loanwords and hybrid words also account for a substantial portion of vocabulary population. Second, derivative words account for a particulary higher proportion of suffix derivatives than the compound words in terms of the complex words. Third, in terms of the part of speech distribution of complex words according to types of words, nouns account for the largest proportion in each type of words. However, the proportion of verbs and adjectives varies across the types of words. Verbs and adjectives show the proportion of 1,074/1 and 389/14 respectively and Sino-Korean words come in the form of pure Korean words and hybrid words(116 verbs and 420 adjectives) rather than simple words. Fourth, this study presents the range and frequency over the Korean educational materials by only examining the top 50 individual complex words according to the types of words. The overall frequency of pure Korean words is higher than Sino-Korean words, which indicates that pure Korean words and complex words account for a large proportion of high frequency words. Since this study is analyzed with real data of Korean education field, the results of this study can be used as basic data that are applied in Korean education materials compilation and teaching.

단어 형성 원리를 활용한 한국어 어휘 교재 개발 연구

강현화 ( Kang Hyounhwa ),홍혜란 ( Hong Hyeran ),유소영 ( Yoo Soyoung ),김정현 ( Kim Junghyun ) 연세대학교 언어연구교육원 한국어학당 2019 외국어로서의 한국어교육 Vol.54 No.-

The aims of this study are to discuss issues related to a practical design of teaching-learning materials based on the principle of word formation and its application. First, the issues on selecting types of word units used for Korean word formation for the syllabus design were reviewed. And then 271 units used for word formation and the list of more than 6,000 vocabulary were selected based on the study of Kang(2014). As a next step issues were discussed about what should be considered for presenting the selected words and vocabulary effectively. Also, actual cases which applied aforementioned considerations to their textbook developments were reviewed. Based on this consideration, 271 units were categorized into groups of 10 by their meanings. The textbook model was designed considering types, meanings, and usages of the units for word formation, and consisted of three steps: Presentation - Practice - Production. (Yonsei University)

의존(성) 명사를 포함하는 한국어교육 문법항목 연구 - 교육용 문법항목 선정의 쟁점을 중심으로 -

강현화 ( Hyounhwa Kang ) 연세대학교 언어정보연구원(구 연세대학교 언어정보개발원) 2016 언어사실과 관점 Vol.38 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the description patterns of Korean grammar patterns including bound forms in the Korean education materials and to address the issues regarding selection of grammar items based on corpus usage analysis. In this regard, this study attempts to examine the frequency of oral and written language along with grammatical and discourse characteristics and to discuss issues in selection of grammar items based on corpus analysis. First, this study creates a list of grammar items including significant bound forms in Korean education and attempts to differentiate their representative types by comparing the ranges in between the Korean language education materials and Korean educational dictionaries. Second, this study analyzes the ranges of Korean education materials and the frequency of corpus and suggests the selection criteria and methods choosing representative types. Third, this study also investigates the characteristics of grammar items including bound forms in terms of grammatical and discourse information.

한국어 학습자 구어 자료 전사에서의 쟁점과 구어 전사의 실제

강현화(Kang Hyounhwa),한송화(Han Songhwa) 한국사전학회 2016 한국사전학 Vol.- No.27

The purpose of this paper is to address issues regarding verbal transcription in terms of peculiarities of learners’ spoken data, reliability between transcribers, issues of objective tagging and three aspects of efficiency and systemicity in corpus construction(transcription level, transcription limit and transcription method) building a computer-based learners’ corpus. First, considering the characteristics of the learners’ spoken language featuring inter-transfer as well as intra-transfer going beyond native speakers’ oral characteristics, there are a variety of the transcription level, transcription limit and transcription methods according to the purpose of utilization of learners’ spoken data. Second, in terms of tagging that increases the reliability and objectivity among transcribers, a focus will be put on the minimum guidelines needed for implementation of research objectives and program utilization ,subsequent simple transcription, training and step-by-step review. Third, issues of efficiency and systemicity are linked to the issue of efficiency and readability of the search and are associated with costs of economic feasibility. The simplistic processing of foreign LINDSEI can be referred to in this regard.

한국어 쓰기 평가 점수의 공정성 연구 - 평가 방법, 평가자 요인, 학습자 요인의 영향에 대한 교차분류 다층분석 -

정지윤 ( Chong Jiyun ),강현화 ( Kang Hyounhwa ),강상진 ( Kang Sangjin ) 한국문법교육학회 2018 문법 교육 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the scores of Korean language tests are influenced by the characteristics of examines, raters, and scoring methods. Data consist of 240 scores from the 24 raters who evaluated five students’ essays in two scoring methods, that are analytical and holistic methods. We focused on the effect of scoring methods and the rater severity along with their language differences and years of teaching experiences. For the analysis, we employed the Cross-classified Multilevel Models(CMM) in order to estimate the effects of scoring methods, of rater severity, of native language and of the teaching experiences simultaneously. We found the holistic scoring method was much more generous than analytical approach, and there existed very strong effects of rater severity. Other variables showed little effects on the test scores.

‘-(으)ㄹ래(요)’의 의사소통 기능과 그 확장 유형 연구

홍혜란(Hong, Hyeran),강현화(Kang, Hyounhwa) 한국외국어교육학회 2013 Foreign languages education Vol.20 No.1

The aim of this study is to examine the communicative functions of‘-(으)ㄹ래(요)’and uncover the basic principles to expand from the basic meaning into a variety of communicative functions by the morphological change and context through the analysis of the corpus. As a result, the communicative functions of ‘-(으)ㄹ래(요)’ were categorized into 13 communicative functions. They are categorized into 3 types: Type 1 requires a verbal response to the listenerlbasic meaning), Type 2 demands a response to the listener through actstextended means), and Type 3 does not require a mandatory response to the listenertsituation means). The communicative function, 'ask interlocuter's intention', has been included in the basic meaning, 'command'. The communicative functions, 'ask', 'demand', 'suggestion' have been included in the extended meaning. The communicative functions, 'accept', 'blame', 'rebuke', 'warning', 'intimidation', 'worry' have been included in the situative meaning. It was confirmed that ‘-(으)ㄹ래(요)’ obtains such communicative functions through a combination of a certain expressions and vocabulary. It was found that‘-(으)ㄹ래(요)’is an expression that is used mainly between colleagues, seniors, juniors and friends in the informal situation. The results of this study are discussed partly on the characteristics of individual sentence patterns, which can be utilized to build the content for the teaching and to develop the teaching methods effectively through the further discussion.

한국어 어휘 교육을 위한 명사 복합 구성 유형 연구

임상은 ( Lim Sangeun ),강현화 ( Kang Hyounhwa ) 한국문법교육학회 2017 문법 교육 Vol.29 No.-

This study investigates the principle of the interpretation of the noun-noun combination for Korean learners. The noun-noun combination has the characteristic of similar to a compound, from which one can elicit the meaning of the entire noun-noun combination from the understanding of the meaning of the constituent. Therefore, by looking at the universal method of the noun-noun linkage, this study adduces the principles of the noun-noun combination in a catalogue. However, even in the case of cogitating the meaning of the noun-noun combination through the understanding of the relational linkage of the components, the inferred meaning does not always align with the actual meaning of the noun-noun combination. The reason for the misalignment between inferred meaning and the actual meaning is because the noun-noun combination is identified in terms of the meaning. Therefore, this study produces the catalogued noun-noun combination in accordance to the identities derived on meanings. This study holds significance in the respect we tried to provide the principles of the general interpretation of the noun-noun combination and incorporate the meaning`s predictability of the compound into the application of the education of the Korean lexicon. Additionally, through the categorization of the noun-noun combination in accordance to the meaningful identification, this study considered systematically on the categories whose meanings could not be inferred from the constituent. The result of this research is significant in the respect that it has provided the level of difficulty of the noun-noun combination`s meaning predictability.

한국어 학습자 오류 사전 개발을 위한 표제어 선정과 배열에 관한 연구

홍혜란(Hong, Heyran),유소영(Yoo, Soyoung),강현화(Kang, Hyounhwa) 한국사전학회 2021 한국사전학 Vol.- No.37