한우의 개량(改良)

김환경 한국낙농학회 1985 韓國酪農學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

자토의 생식선 척출이 성장 및 내분비선에 미치는 영향

김환경,윤응선 한국축산학회 1977 한국축산학회지 Vol.19 No.2

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of ganadectomization on the growth rate, carcass yield and the weights of hyophyrsis, thyroid and adrenal Gland of grow ing rabbits. In this experiment, 24 heads of 45-50 days-old rabbit were divided into 4 groups as castrated male and female, and uncrastrated male and female. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the growth rate, no significant difference was observe between each 4 groups in the period, however, the group of experiment were observed lower growth rate than the group of control. 2. In the daily gains, both groups of experiment showed lower weight gain(P$lt;0.01) than groups of 4 control. And the group of experiment male was obtained lower weight gain (P$lt;0.05), and the group of experiment female was showed Lower weight gain (P$lt;0.01) than groups of control. 3. In dressing percentage, no significant difference was observed between each 4 groups, however, groups of female and groups of experiment were low. 4. In lean meat percentage, no significant difference was observed between each 4 groups, however, groups of male and groups of experiment were low. 5. In weights of organs and tissues, no significant difference between sexes, however, groups of castration were generally low. But, in the intestine, spleen and heart, the ;;roup of experiment female was showed lower weight (P$lt;0.05) than that of control female, And in total viscera, the group of experiment female was showed lower weight (P$lt;0.01) than that of control female. 6. In the weight of Hypophysis, no significant difference between each 4 groups, except groups of experiment were high. 7. In the weight of Thyroid gland, no significant difference between each 4 groups, however, groups of experiment male were low, but the group of experiment female was showed higher weight (P$lt;0.01) than control female. 8. In the weight of Adernal gland, no significant difference between each 4 group, however, the groups of experiment male was high and experiment female was low, and is groups of experiment was higher weight than groups of control.

韓牛의 體型에 關한 硏究 : 第一報 湖南地方牛

金煥卿 全北大學校 1960 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

濟州地方牛의 毛色分布에 關한 硏究

金煥卿 東亞大學校 1964 東亞論叢 Vol.2 No.2

本硏究는 濟州地方牛의 毛色 分布狀況을 調査 分析하여 그 處理方案의 資料를 얻고저, 濟州市를 비롯한 全道 12個邑面에 걸처 牡牛 2,285頭, 牝牛 2,639頭, 合計 4,924頭에 對한 毛色을 觀察 調査한 것으로 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 牛분를 道部, 頸部, 胴部, 四肢, 下腹部, 乳房 等 6區分表示法에 依한 毛色分布比率은 a)全道平均은, 黃色牛 44.3%, 黑色牛 19.3%, 頭部만 褐色인 黃色牛 9.4% 等의 順이고 b)地域別로는, 黃色牛가 많은 地域은, 朝天面 기京面 等으로 이들은 모두 51∼53%를 차지하고 있으며, 黑色牛가, 많은 地域은 表善面, 西歸邑 等으로 이들은 27∼30%를 차지하고 있고 c)性別로는 黃色牛는 牝牛가 많고, 黑色牛와 頭部만 褐色인 黃色牛는 牡牛가 많으며, d)6區分法에 依한 毛色의 種類는 約 90種 以上이나 된다. 2. 下腹部와 乳房을 無視한 4區分表示法, 즉 俗??毛色으로 본 毛色 分布比率은 a)全島平均은 黃色牛 49.6%, 黑色牛 23.2%, 頭部만 褐色인 黃色牛 10.0% 等의 順으로 6區分法에 依한 것 보다 若干 많으며, b)地域別로는,黃色牛가 많은 地域은 中文面,朝天面 等으로 이들은 57∼58%를 차지하고 있으며, 黑色牛가 많은 地域은 表善面, 西歸邑 等으로 이들은 31∼33%를 차지하고 있다. 3. 以上을 綜合하면 濟州地方牛의 毛色分布는 大체的으로 黃色牛 50%, 黑色牛 20%, 頭部만 褐色인 黃色牛 10%, 其他牛 20%의 比率로 되어 있으며, 今後의 問題는 黃色牛와 黑色牛의 2種으로 統合整理하고 其他牛는 모두 陶汰함이 妥當하다고 생각된다. This study was aimed at gathering data for improving the JaiJoo Island cattle by an investigation and analysis of the hair-color distribution of the local cattle. The sample catte were taken from 12 towns and villages chosen at random throughout the island and totaled 4,924 heads (2,285 bulls and 2,639 cows). The result of the investigation is summarized as follows. 1. The ratio of the hair-colors when the body of the cattle was divided into six portions-head, neck, body, legs, belley, and udder-was as follows. a. Yellow cattle comprised 44.3% of all the cattle; black cattle, 19.3%; and yellow cattle with brown head, 9.4%. b. The localities with the greatest number of yellow cattle were Jochun-myun, Hankyoung-myun, etc. And the yellow cattle in these areas comprised 51~53% of all. The localities with the greatest number of black cattle ware Pyosun-myun,Seoki-myun,etc. And the black cattle in these areas comprised 27-30% of all. c. There was greater number of cows than bulls among the yellow cattle. And there was greater number of bulls than cows among the black cattle and the yellow cattle with black head. d. There were about 90 kinds of hair-colors and various combinations thereof according to the six body-portion division as described above. 2. The ratio of hair-colors according to four body-portion division,disregarding belley and udder, was as follows. a. Yellow cattle comprised 49.6% of all the cattle under investigation; black cattle, 23.2%; and yellow cattle with brown head, 10.0%. b. The localities with the greatest number of yellow cattle were Chungmoon-myun, Jochun-myun, etc. The yellow cattle in these areas comprised 57~58% of all. The localities with the greatest number of black cattle were Pyosun-myun,Seoki-myun,etc. And the black cattle in these areas comprised 31-33% of all. 3. As a result of the sample investigation, the following generalization is drawn as to the approximate ratio of cattle with various hair-colors: yellow cattle 50%, black cattle 20%, yellow cattle with brown head 10%, others 20%. A recommendation is proposed that the cattle with hair-colors other than yellow or black be culled, and all the cattle in the island be bred into either yellow or black.

한우의 개량과 증식방안

김환경 ( H K Kim ) 한국축산학회 1969 한국축산학회지 Vol.11 No.4

한우의 체형에 관한 연구 제2보 정상체형과 수상우의 체형과의 적합에 대하여

김환경 한국축산학회 1961 한국축산학회지 Vol.3 No.1

1. Eleven parts of each of the 82 bulls of 3∼4 years old, exhibited at the competitive exhibitions held at Namwon in 1959 and 1960 (the 5th and the 6th exhibitions since the Liberation in 1945), were measured to obtain the biometric constants. 2. The normal type was set in like manner as in the preceding data and a study was made on each bull by parts. The result was those which fitted into the normal type showed 54.1%-75.7% of the whole in the case of those aged 3 and 55.6%-71.7% in the case of those aged 4; those which fitted into the normal type in all parts showed 16.2% of the whole, or 6 bulls, for those 3 years old and 15.6% or 7 bulls, fur those 4 years old. As for those which fitted into the range of M∼M+2δ, the figures of 24.3%-54.1% and 33.3%-64.4% were obtained respectively for those abed 3 and 4. 3. As a result of a study made on the fitness of the measured characters of the 6 prize bulls into the normal type, those which came under the range of M±δ, by measured constants of 66 parts, showed 47% and those for the range of M+δ∼M+2δ showed 33%, while those which came under the range of M±δ by percentage of withers height of 60 parts, showed 60% and hose for the range of M+δ∼M+δ showed 32%. 4. Relatively low percentage of 47% in average for those fitting into the normal type was obtained in this study to compare with the average of 80% (56%-90%) in other data. This suggests that more emphasis should be laid on conformation factors in such studies to be made. 5. Since it hag been found, through comparing the mean value of those aged 3 with that of those aged 4, that there are significant differences between their respective parts except for chest width and thud width, it is not appropriate to treat them without discrimination.

한우의 개량에 관한 기초적 연구 - 한우체형 및 체중의 시대적변천에 관하여 -

김환경 ( H . K . Kim ) 한국축산학회 1978 한국축산학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The author investigated the body type and weight of 658 Korean native cows and 175 Korean native bulls of over 5 years old in 21 areas throughout the countries, the same areas as investigated 20 years ago, to get informations on the trend of Korean cattle`s body type and weight changes, which would be analyzed to improve the cattle. The investigation was concentrated on the changes of the body type and weight depending upon the periods of year and the areas. The results obtained were as follows; 1. For the last 20 years, cattle in the central areas and the Southern areas of the Korean penisula showed increasers in chest girth by 3.3 - 5.2 cm, and withers height and others except hip width and thud width by l.0 - 2.6 cm. 2. For the last 50 years, cattle in the southern areas showed a distinguished increase in chest girth by 16.9 cm, withers height by 6.1 cm, and the others as a whole by 1.2 - 4.2 cm, And also the body weight of 225 kg in 1978 has been increased to 377 kg in 1978, indicating a 67.5% increase. These increasing tends seem to be attributed to the prudent selection of the breeding cattle and the improvement in feeding and management of the cattle. 3. Concerning the body type, all the cattle throughout the countries became to have almost similar type, denouncing the. conventional concept of the differences between the cattle in the central areas and those m the southern areas of the penisula. This herd is very desirable and seems to be attributed to the frequent interchange of cattle due to the modernized transportation system and the distributions of superior bulls due to the artificial insemination.

韓牛의 體型改良에 關한 硏究

金煥卿 東亞大學校 1963 東亞論叢 Vol.1 No.-

Ⅰ. Studies on Korean Cattle of the Mainland As an attempt to establish a practical guide for improving the body type of Korean cattle which can be regarded as a major livestock for agricultural use in Korea. Biometric constant, variation curve and correlation coefficient were obtained by measuring 2,546 cattle sampled from Honam, Yungnam, Yungdong and Jungboo districts of South Korea. The changing of body type during the past 30 years is discussed by comparing the results obtained with those formers reported by other researchers, hereunder its focal differences are also examined, and a new standard type is proposed with the suggestion of revising the perfection standard of Korean cattle currently in use. 1. The biometric constant and variation curve as determined by measuring withers height including other 30 parts of body are shown by district and by sex of respective cattle(Table 2∼12, Figure 2 ∼17) 2. In both sexes, cross height, chest depth elbow height; iii bull, rump length, thurl width, body length; in cow, chest girth showed a highly significant correlation with withers height . Those part showing a highly significant correlation with body length were chest depth in both sexes, ramp length in bull and chest girth in cow. In both cases correlation coefficients were measured at different periods of time. 3. Compared with those reported 30 years ago, the changes in body type are noticeable. In general, measurements and percentage of withers height have increased in both sexes. As determined by variation ratio, cows of Jungboo district shows +7.12% increase on average which is the highest, bulls of the same district, +5.83%; cows of Yungnam district, +5.82%; bulls of Honam district, +3.42%; cows of the same district, +2.93% and its difference by district were Jungboo district, Yungnam district and Honam district. There is no marked change in withers height and cross height, while the width of both forequarters and hindquarters shows a remarkable increase. I assume that this might arise from the selective breeding in the past and the improved feeding and management , 4. Among those cattle of Honam, Yungnam and Yungdong districts, local differences in body type are hardly noticeable, but cattle of Jungboo district are apparently larder in type Thus I suggest that Korean cattle be divided into two types. Regarding each body part, those cattle of Jungboo district shows moderately well developed hindquarters, on the contrary, forequarters, especially in chest width, are rather poorly developed. By and large, somewhat well developed forequarters are noticeable in cattle of Honam district . Compared with the cattle raised in the mountain area, those raised in the plain area are larger in type regardless of sex throughout all districts. 5. A new standard type is proposed, according to which, 16% of bulls and 21% of cows of Honam district, 14% of bulls and 18% of cows of Yungnam district, 16% of bulls and 22% of cows of Jungboo district and 14% of bulls and 15% of cows of Yungdong district are within the Norm range in respects of eleven parts of physical characteristics. 6 In accordance with the "Perfection Standard of the Korean Cattle",6.3% of bulls and 8.1% of cows of Honam district, 4.5% of bulls and 6.6% of cows of Yungnam district, 7.6% of bulls and 6.9% of cows of Jungboo district and 4.3% of bulls and 5.1% of cows of Yungdong district are found to pass the stand in respects of eight parts of physical characteristics, ravealing low passing ratio. Besides, it appears that the "Minimum Requirement for Breeding Cattle" of the standard currently in use is hardly acceptable. It is, therefore, strongly suggested that the present perfection standard should be revised so as to make it more adaptable to the present status . Ⅱ. Studies on Jaijoo Island Cattle of Korea Biometric studies have been made in comparison with the cattle of the mainland of Korea on 420 Jaijoo Island cattle(105 bulls and 315 cows). An attempt has also bcen made to establish a guide to further improvement of the cattle. 1. Biometric constants derived from measurements of withers height including other 30 part of body are tabulated per sex as shown in Table 1 and 2. 2. A highly significant correlation is observed between withers height and cross height in both sexes, between withers height and body length in bull and betweeen body length and chest girth in cow and in both cases the correlation coefficient (r) is + 0.6 larger. 3. Compared with 11,e mainland cattle, these Jaijoo Island cattle are markedly smaller than even those of Honam district which are the smallest in type in the mainland. The withers height is smaller by 9.0 cm. in bull and by 8.0 cm. in cow. As to the chest girth, it is also smaller by 12.0 cm. in bull and by 11.Ocm in cow. As compared with other breeds, they are a little sma11er than Misima cattle and much smaller than Japanese native brown cattle in Tsushima, while they are prominently larger than the yellow cattle in Hainan Island 4. A new standard type is proposed as previously mentioned and according to this newer standard, 23% of bulls and 18% of cows are found to be within the Norm range in respects of eleven parts of physical characteristics Ⅲ. On the Revision of the Perfection Standard of the Korean Cattle For the purpose of revising the present perfection standard of the Korean cattle, physical characteristics of 400 cattle superior in quality from Jungboo and Yungnam districts(200 from each district with equal number of bulls and cows) were measured and a new standard type is proposed by means of the biometric procedure . 1. Biometric constant, correlation coefficient and regression eguation as derived from measurements of eleven part of physical characteristics are shown in Table 1∼10. 2. The new standard type is proposed on the basis of the following a) Based on M value of cattle showing fine quarlity. b) Compared with the Norm of common cattle. c) Both draft and beef type were taken into cosideration d) Farmers' opinions were taken into account. e) Not trying to realize an ideal but stressing on the real. 3. The present standard type is revised in the following respects: a) Cattle in the mainland are divided into two groups instead of many groups. b) Cross height and thurl width are newly tauten into account. c) Adjustiments were made to each ratio partially with the various parts of body (withers height ratio) . d) As to the "Minimum Requirement for Breeding Cattle, "the upper limit is newly determined, simultaneosly, raising the lower limit to a considerable degree. 4. As to the standard type for Jaijoo Island cattle, the cows are set as (M-σ)∼(M+2σ) and the bulls are recommended to be introduced thereto from Jungboo district. In case of using the island bulls, those be1onging to the range larger than (M+σ) are to be selected.

한우의 체형개량에 관한 연구

김환경 한국축산학회 1965 한국축산학회지 Vol.7 No.1

육자원개발에 관한 연구 제2보 한우의 야외사육영리에 의한 경영개선에 관한 연구

김환경,장주익,윤응선 ( H . K . Kim,J . I . Chang,E . S . Yoon ) 한국축산학회 1974 한국축산학회지 Vol.16 No.1

The possibility of feed-lot feeding of Korean cattle was studied. A total of 32 cattle consisting eight steers weighing 126 to 220㎏ and twenty four heifers weighing 195 to 216㎏ were grouped and subjected to the experiments. Experimental cattle were divided into four groups as follows: $lt;표생략$gt; Group A cattle were raised in Yongin, Kyeonggi Do and the rest of cattle were raised in Seosan. Choongchungnam Do for a period of 265 days ranged from April 30, 1972 to January 20, 1973. The experimental results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Average daily body gain of Group A cattle was 1.04㎏. Group B, C and D showed 0.54㎏, 0.29 and 0.34㎏, respectively. Such experimental data were obtained 24 pregnanted heifers were included from June to October, 1972. 2. Feed consumption, in terms of DCP and TDN, required per ㎏ body gain of the Group A,B,C and D cattle were 0.79㎏ and 5.68㎏, 1.02㎏ and 7.41㎏, 1.50㎏ and 11.37㎏, 1.61㎏ and 12.01㎏, respectively. 3. Climatic condition during the experiment was as follows: A maximum temperature ranging 31℃ to 37℃ were recorded at Yongin and Seosan for 12 and 17 days respectively. A minimum temperature ranging -8℃ to -15℃ were recorded at Yongin and Seosan for 16 and 9 days respectively. Snow fall in Yongin was recorded as 6 days while Seosan was 9 days, and a maximum fall was 90.0㎜ in Yongin and 30.0㎜ in Seosan. 4. Slaughter record of 2 castrated Korean cattle showed relatively higher dressing and other values. These were 58.6% and 56.27% of dressing percentage, 0.9cm and 0.8cm of covering fat thickness, 62.3㎠ and 68.5㎠ of Loin eye area size, 2^+ and 3^+ of marbling degree for No.1. and No.3. cattle respectively. 5. Blood pictures of the experimental cattle during the experimental period were as follows: number of red blood cell was 5.10 to 9.34 10^6/c.mm, Parked cell volume was 26.0% to 35.0%, hemoglobin value was 7.22gm to 11.30 gm/100㎖. total serum protein was 5.20 to 8.45gm/100㎖. 6. Economical analysis. Feed cost for per ㎏ body gain of Group A, B, C and D were 204.4won, 206.7won, 234.6won, and 297.1won, respectively. Incomes subtracted only feed cost per head of Group A,B,C,D were 83,695won, 39,090won, 18,958won and 16,414won, respectively. In case of group A cattle, a net income per head was 69,652won. In this case, the income was calculated by the subtraction of fees of facilities, labor, sanitation, interest and depreciation cost from meat price.