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김현택,최준식,김기석 한국심리학회 1996 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.3 No.1
토끼 순막조건화에 관여하는 뇌간과 소뇌의 구조물들의 기능을 검토하고자 뇌간의 대표적 운동핵인 적핵과 소뇌의 심부핵 중 하나인 중간핵을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 실험 1에서는 조건자극으로 400msec동안의 정현파 청각자극을 제시하고 무조건자극으로는 뇌간의 운동핵이며 순막반응의 출력핵이라고 알려진 적핵에 자극용 전극을 삽입하여 전기자극을 가함과 동시에 각막 공기분사를 복합적으로 제시하면서 전형적인 지연조건화를 시켰다. 그리고 소거시에는 조건자극과 함께 적핵전기자극만을 제시하였다. 이와함께 조건반응의 신경적 가소성 형성의 후보구조물로 알려진 중간핵에 기록용 전극을 삽입하여 조건화동안의 중간핵 뉴런들의 다단위 활동을 기록하였다. 실험 결과 적핵자극은 조건화의 습득과 소거에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 따라서 적핵은 순막조건화에서는 단순운동 출력핵임을 확인하였다. 그와 함께 소뇌 중간핵에서의 다단위활동의 기록은 이 핵이 조건반응이 형성되는 가소성구조물 또는 그 출력을 받는 구조물임을 입증해 주었다. 실험 2에서는 조건자극 및 무조건자극복합은 실험 1과 동일하게 하였다. 단지 소뇌 중간핵에 자극전극을 삽입하여 전기자극을 가하면서 조건화를 시킨 점만 다를 뿐이다. 결과를 보면 중간핵을 자극하면 순막조건화의 습득에서 유의미한 지체를 보였고 소거에서 유의미한 촉진을 보였다. 이는 중간핵이 조건반응의 형성 및 해제에 중요한 역할을 하는 구조물임을 시사하는 것이다. The red nucleus and the cerebellar interpositus nucleus were successively investigated in terms of multiple plastic structures mediating the classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response (NMR). In experiment 1, monopolar tungsten stimulating electrodes and low-impedance monopolar tungsten recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the red nucleus and the interpositus nucleus respectively. All animals were trained with delay conditioning paradigm. In order to investigate any involvment of the red nucleus in the conditioning of NMR, animals of the experimental group were trained with the tone conditioned stimulus (CS) (400msec, 1㎑, 85㏈, sine wave) and unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of the electrical stimulation of the red nucleus (100msec, 400㎐, pulse width 0.1msec, 60~150㎂) and simultaneous corneal airpuff(100msec, 100g/㎠) in the five aquisition sessions. In two successive extinction sessions, the animals were trained with the tone CS and the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus alone. Animals of the control group were trained with the tone CS and the corneal airpuff US in the same aquisition sessions and with the tone CS alone in the same extinction sessions. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the red nucleus neither facillitates the learning rate in the aquistion stage nor maintains the conditioned response(CR) in the extinction stage. It may be concluded that the red nucleus is a mere output structure and is not an essential one in the neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Multiple unit activity(MUA) recorded from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus was processed to 16msec-bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session. The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR. This supports the previous reports that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the conditioning of NMR. In experiment 2, stimulating electrodes and recording microelectrodes were chronically implanted into the cerebellar interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus respectively. All training methods were identical with the experiment 1, except for exchanging the stimulating target structure for the recording one. Results showed that the electrical stimulation US of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus severely retarded the aqusition of the CR. It is concluded that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus may be a structure of plasticity included in an essential neural network mediating the conditioning of NMR. Possible interpretations of the result, concerning the side effect of the electrical stimulation and the function of the inferior olive-cerebellar cortex-interpositus nucleus-inferior olive recurrent loop, are discussed.
순막반응의 조건화에 관여하는 신경회로에서의 부외전핵의 역할
김현택,이두현,최준식,김기석 한국심리학회 1990 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.2 No.1
토끼의 소뇌 중간핵에서 순막조건화 기간동안 다단위 기록을 하였다. 다단위 활동은 학습의 초기에는 조건자극과 무조건자극에 대한 유발반응만을 보였으나 학습이 진행됨에 따라 증가하였다. 이 다단위 활동을 회기별로 16msec bin 히스토그램을 작성하여 회기별 순막반응 평균치와 교차 상관값을 구하니 상당한 정도의 상관을 보였으며 더우기 다단위 활동의 히스토그램이 평균화된 순막반응을 수십 msec 앞섰다. 이런 결과는 중간핵의 다단위 활동이 학습의 신경적 지표가 되며 중간핵은 순막조건화의 신경적 근저가 될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 몇몇 연구에서는 부외전핵 또는 외전핵에 무조건 자극으로 전기자극을 주어 순막조건화가 가능하였다고 보고하고 있으므로 본 연구는 이 부외전핵이 단순한 반응의 출력핵에 불과한지 또는 습득된 순막조건화의 파지에 필요한지를 밝히고자 하였다. 그래서 조건화정도의 지표로서 행동적 순막반응과 중간핵 다단위 활동의 히스토그램을 관찰하면서 학습이 진행된후 부외전핵을 손상시켰다. 손상후 행동적 순막반응은 크게 감소하거나 사라졌지만 중간핵에서의 다단위 활동은 여전히 형성된 순막조건화가 건재함을 보여 주었다. 이 결과로서 부외전핵은 단순운동출력핵이며 순막조건화의 파지에 관여하는 부위가 아니라고 결론지었다. Multiple unit activity(MUA) was recorded from the cerebellar dentato-interpositus nucleus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response(NMR) in the rabbit with a tone conditioned stimulus(CS) and an airpuff unconditioned stimulus(US). The MUA was processed to 16msec bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session respectively. The result showed that The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and that the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR by several tens millisecond. This supports the previous reports that dentato-interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the NMR conditioning. In some studies, it was reported that the stimulation of accessory abducens nucleus as US can support the NMR conditioning. So, one purpose of this study was the examination of the role of accessory abducens nucleus in the NMR conditioning. Following days of aquisition, the nucleus was lesioned electrolytically. The result showed that the lesion abolished both conditioned and unconditioned responses, but MUA recorded from deutatointerpositus nucleus maintains the same level as it prior to lesion. Results suggest that accessory abducens nucleus is merely motor output nucleus and isn't involved in the retention of the NMR conditioning.
Effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder
Kim, Su-Bae,Kim, Kee-Young,Ji, Sang-Deok,Kim, Seong-Wan,Kim, Nam-Suk,Jo, You-Young,Kim, Jong-Gil,Kim, Young-Guk,Koo, Hui-Yeon,Moon, Hyung-Chul,Seok, Young-Seek,Lee, Hyun-Tai Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2018 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.37 No.2
Recently matured silkworm powder was developed by RDA. In this study, the effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder was examined. FESEM was performed to observe the morphology and to measure the particle size of silkworm powder. Particle morphology of air-jet mill pulverized powder was round and smooth, however, those of roller-mill and hammer-mill pulverized mature silkworm was more harsh and square. Particle size was varied with pulverizing technique as follows; $1.1{\mu}m$ (air-jet mill), $10{\mu}m$ (roller mill), and $120{\mu}m$ (hammer mill), respectively. A proximate analysis results of air-jet mill powder showed that crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash was 73%, 12%, 1.95%, and 3.4%, respectively. According to our results, air-jet mell technique might be used to make a tiny matured silkworm powder.
Effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder
( Su-bae Kim ),( Kee-young Kim ),( Sang-deok Ji ),( Seong-wan Kim ),( Nam-suk Kim ),( You-young Jo ),( Jong-gil Kim ),( Young-guk Kim ),( Hui-yeon Koo ),( Hyung-chul Moon ),( Young-seek Seok ),( Hyun- 한국잠사학회 2018 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.37 No.2
Recently matured silkworm powder was developed by RDA. In this study, the effect of pulverizing method on the particle size of matured silkworm powder was examined. FESEM was performed to observe the morphology and to measure the particle size of silkworm powder. Particle morphology of air-jet mill pulverized powder was round and smooth, however, those of roller-mill and hammer-mill pulverized mature silkworm was more harsh and square. Particle size was varied with pulverizing technique as follows; 1.1 μm (air-jet mill), 10 μm (roller mill), and 120 μm (hammer mill), respectively. A proximate analysis results of air-jet mill powder showed that crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash was 73%, 12%, 1.95%, and 3.4%, respectively. According to our results, air-jet mell technique might be used to make a tiny matured silkworm powder.
Distribution of Dog Ticks in the Republic of Korea, 2017
Hyun-Ji Seo(Hyun-Ji Seo),Mi-Sun Yoo(Mi-Sun Yoo),Keun-Ho Kim(Keun-Ho Kim),Kyu-Won Kwak(Kyu-Won Kwak),Hyunkyoung Lee(Hyunkyoung Lee),Jung-Won Park(Jung-Won Park),Seunghee Lee(Seunghee Lee),Soon-Seek Yoo 한국예방수의학회 2017 한국예방수의학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2017 No.-
Kim, Tae-Sung,Kim, Chang-Yeong,Lee, Hae-Kyung,Kang, Il-Hyun,Kim, Mi-Gyeong,Jung, Ki-Kyung,Kwon, Yong-Kwan,Nam, Hye-Seon,Hong, Soon-Keun,Kim, Hyung-Sik,Yoon, Hae-Jung,Rhee, Gyu-Seek Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2011 Toxicological Research Vol.28 No.3
Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.
Lack of medial prefrontal cortex activation underlies the immediate extinction deficit.
Kim, Seok Chan,Jo, Yong Sang,Kim, Il Hwan,Kim, Hyun,Choi, June-Seek The Society 2010 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.30 No.3
<P>We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the neural basis of the immediate extinction deficit, the lack of extinction when the interval between fear memory acquisition and extinction is short. In experiment 1, rats were given extinction training composed of 15 conditioned stimuli (CSs) either 15 min (immediate extinction: I-EXT) or 24 h (delayed extinction: D-EXT) after five tone-shock pairings. In the retention test performed 48 h after conditioning, I-EXT group exhibited significantly higher freezing than D-EXT group. In experiment 2, functional activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was detected using c-fos immunoreactivity. The number of Fos-positive neurons in the mPFC was significantly lower in I-EXT group than in D-EXT group. In experiment 3, rats received immediate extinction with microstimulation of the infralimbic region (IL) of the mPFC, either contingently paired or unpaired with the CS. In a subsequent retention test, the paired stimulation group exhibited decreased freezing relative to the unpaired stimulation group. Together, our results suggest that the immediate extinction deficit may be linked to the lack of neuronal activity in the IL.</P>