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The Idea of Heaven(Tian) in Ito Jinsai’s Thought
( Kimura Junji ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2007 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.7 No.-
這篇論文旨在考察伊藤仁齋的天概念。伊藤仁齋( 公元1627-1705年)是日本最有名的儒學者, 他批判朱子學, 主張歸於孔孟子之教。他所批判朱子學的要點在於它依據嚴格的理來解釋世界和人。根據仁齋的理解, 人是不斷變化的活物, 所以難免錯誤。仁齋主張, 沒有錯誤不如改善自己的錯誤, 進而他認為允許人犯錯誤是很重要的。 仁齋說天地與人一樣是活物。天也是活物, 所以不可避免錯誤。異常氣象就是其表現。雖然如此, 天不肯隱藏自己的錯誤, 所以它是很高貴的存在。朱子學通過嚴格的理來解釋天地, 這與殺天道同樣。天不肯隱藏錯誤, 可是不能改善自己的錯誤。改善錯誤屬於人們的行為。孔子曾經說過要為改善錯誤而努力。仁齋說, 如果沒有孔子, 天地不能作為天地。 從全體來看, 天道指向於善的實現。因此, 在地上活著的人們應該努力實現善。但是天也可能會犯錯誤, 所以善人也往往遭遇不幸。仁齋說:這個時候, 我們不應該怨恨天, 而應該認為自己的不幸就是天為活物的證據, 進而要把它接受為天命, 繼續努力去實現善。 This paper studies the idea of Heaven in Ito Jinsai’s thought. Ito Jinsai(1627~1705) is one of the most famous Confucian in Japan. He rejected Neo-Confucianism and advocated the original teachings of Confucius and Mencius. The main point that he criticized Neo-Confucianism is to understand the world and a human being by the rational and strict principle. According to his thought a human being cannot avoid a mistake, because it lives and continues changing. He insists that it is more important to change one's mistake and to forgive a mistake of another person than not to make a mistake. Jinsai says that both the heaven and the earth live same as a human being. It is not avoided a mistake as far as the heaven lives. And the outcome is abnormal weather. Heaven is noble nevertheless, because it does not hide its mistake. It ruins the Heavenly Way to interpret the world by the rational and strict principle like Neo-Confucianism. But Heaven cannot change mistakes by itself. It is an action of a human being that change a mistake. And it was Confucius that preached teaching to change mistakes. Jinsai says that the world cannot be the world if there was not Confucius. Generally speaking, the Heavenly Way aims at realization of good. Therefore a human being living on the earth must make efforts for good. However, because Heaven can make a mistake, there can be a misfortune on a good person. Jinsai preaches that it is necessary to consider his misfortune as an evidence of Heaven’s life, to accept it as Destiny and to continue making efforts for good not bearing a grudge against Heaven. [Article in Chinese]
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Characterization of crystalline linear (1→3)-α-<small>D</small>-glucan synthesized <i>in vitro</i>
Kobayashi, Kayoko,Hasegawa, Takuto,Kusumi, Ryosuke,Kimura, Satoshi,Yoshida, Makoto,Sugiyama, Junji,Wada, Masahisa Applied Science Publishers 2017 Carbohydrate polymers Vol.177 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We investigated the crystal structure and molecular arrangement of the linear (1→3)-α-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase GtfJ cloned from <I>Streptococcus salivarius</I> using sucrose as a substrate. The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril-like crystals as major and thin lamellae as minor products. Their structures were analyzed using electron microdiffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and solid-state <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR spectroscopy. The fibrils and lamellae had the same allomorphic form but different molecular arrangements. The wet crystals were in a hydrated form, which converted into an anhydrous form with a significant decrease in crystallinity on drying. The hydrated and anhydrous forms had an extended-chain conformation with 2/1 helix, and the hydrated form was estimated to contain one water molecule per glucose residue. The long glucan chains were folded in the fibril crystals, while the short, extended chains were arranged perpendicular to the base plane of the lamellae.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> (1→3)-α-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-Glucan was synthesized by recombinant glucosyltransferase sing sucrose. </LI> <LI> The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril and thin lamella. </LI> <LI> Both products had the same crystal structures but different molecular arrangements. </LI> <LI> Molecular chains were folded in the fibril but extended in the lamellar crystals. </LI> <LI> The hydrated form was converted into an anhydrous form by drying. </LI> </UL> </P>
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