Performance Evaluation of the Screw-Type Oil Expeller for Extracting Mee (Madhuca longifolia) Oil

( D. M. S. P Bandara ),( C. A. K Dissanayake ),( T. M. R Dissanayake ),( H. M. A. P Rathanayake ),( D. P Senanayake ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.4

Mee (Madhuca longifolia) is an economically important tree growing throughout Sri Lanka. Its importance is mainly attributed to its oil with high nutritional and medicinal values. However, an inefficient extraction method limits its use. This study revealed the possibility of extracting oil from mee seeds by using a screw-type oil expeller. Methods: A popular screw-type oil expeller was used in the experiment. Extract bar clearance and speeds of the main spiral shaft were altered to increase the oil expelling efficiency of the machine. The quality of refined oil at the optimum oil yield was determined by measuring the refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity. Results: An optimum yield of 35% oil was obtained when the machine capacity was 30 kg/h and energy consumption was 0.13 kWh/kg. This optimum machine condition was observed at an extract bar clearance of 0.5 mm and a main spiral shaft speed of 90 rpm. The refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity of the oil were 1.4, 203, 59, 3.5%, 0.2%, and 0.907 g/cm3 respectively. Color of the mee oil was closer to yellow, which is revealed by the lightness value (L) of 24.93 and positive value (b) of 11.81. Conclusion: The screw-type oil expeller can be used for economically extracting mee oil on a commercial scale.

Performance Evaluation of the Screw-Type Oil Expeller for Extracting Mee (Madhuca longifolia) Oil

D.M.S.P Bandara,C.A.K Dissanayake,T.M.R Dissanayake,H.M.A.P Rathanayake,D.P Senanayake 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.3

Purpose: Mee (Madhuca longifolia) is an economically important tree growing throughout Sri Lanka. Its importance is mainly attributed to its oil with high nutritional and medicinal values. However, an inefficient extraction method limits its use. This study revealed the possibility of extracting oil from mee seeds by using a screw-type oil expeller. Methods: A popular screw-type oil expeller was used in the experiment. Extract bar clearance and speeds of the main spiral shaft were altered to increase the oil expelling efficiency of the machine. The quality of refined oil at the optimum oil yield was determined by measuring the refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity. Results: An optimum yield of 35% oil was obtained when the machine capacity was 30 kg/h and energy consumption was 0.13 kWh/kg. This optimum machine condition was observed at an extract bar clearance of 0.5 mm and a main spiral shaft speed of 90 rpm. The refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity of the oil were 1.4, 203, 59, 3.5%, 0.2%, and 0.907 g/cm3 respectively. Color of the mee oil was closer to yellow, which is revealed by the lightness value (L) of 24.93 and positive value (b) of 11.81. Conclusion: The screw-type oil expeller can be used for economically extracting mee oil on a commercial scale.

Performance Evaluation of the Screw-Type Oil Expeller for Extracting Mee (Madhuca longifolia) Oil

Bandara, D.M.S.P.,Dissanayake, C.A.K.,Dissanayake, T.M.R.,Rathanayake, H.M.A.P.,Senanayake, D.P. Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.3

Purpose: Mee (Madhuca longifolia) is an economically important tree growing throughout Sri Lanka. Its importance is mainly attributed to its oil with high nutritional and medicinal values. However, an inefficient extraction method limits its use. This study revealed the possibility of extracting oil from mee seeds by using a screw-type oil expeller. Methods: A popular screw-type oil expeller was used in the experiment. Extract bar clearance and speeds of the main spiral shaft were altered to increase the oil expelling efficiency of the machine. The quality of refined oil at the optimum oil yield was determined by measuring the refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity. Results: An optimum yield of 35% oil was obtained when the machine capacity was 30 kg/h and energy consumption was 0.13 kWh/kg. This optimum machine condition was observed at an extract bar clearance of 0.5 mm and a main spiral shaft speed of 90 rpm. The refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid, and specific gravity of the oil were 1.4, 203, 59, 3.5%, 0.2%, and 0.907 g/cm3 respectively. Color of the mee oil was closer to yellow, which is revealed by the lightness value (L) of 24.93 and positive value (b) of 11.81. Conclusion: The screw-type oil expeller can be used for economically extracting mee oil on a commercial scale.

Thermal stability in the blended lithium manganese oxide – Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials: An <i>in situ</i> time-resolved X-Ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy study

Hu, Enyuan,Bak, Seong Min,Senanayake, Sanjaya D.,Yang, Xiao-Qing,Nam, Kyung-Wan,Zhang, Lulu,Shao, Minhua Elsevier 2015 Journal of Power Sources Vol.277 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Thermal stabilities of a series of blended LiMn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> (LMO)–LiNi<SUB>1/3</SUB>Co<SUB>1/3</SUB>Mn<SUB>1/3</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> (NCM) cathode materials with different weight ratios were studied by <I>in situ</I> time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with mass spectroscopy in the temperature range of 25 °C–580 °C under helium atmosphere. Upon heating, the electrochemically delithiated LMO changed into Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> phase at around 250 °C. Formation of MnO with rock-salt structure started at 520 °C. This observation is in contrast to the previous report for chemically delithiated LMO in air, in which a process of λ-MnO<SUB>2</SUB> transforming to β-MnO<SUB>2</SUB> was observed. Oxygen peak was not observed in all cases, presumably as a result of either consumption by the carbon or detection limit. CO<SUB>2</SUB> profile correlates well with the phase transition and indirectly suggests the oxygen release of the cathode. Introducing NCM into LMO has two effects: first, it makes the high temperature rock-salt phase formation more complicated with more peaks in CO<SUB>2</SUB> profile due to different MO (M = Ni, Mn, Co) phases; secondly, the onset temperature of CO<SUB>2</SUB> release is lowered, implying lowered oxygen release temperature. Upon heating, XRD patterns indicate the NCM part reacts first, followed by the LMO part. This confirms the better thermal stability of LMO over NCM.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Thermal stability of blended LiMn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(LMO)–LiNi<SUB>1/3</SUB>Co<SUB>1/3</SUB>Mn<SUB>1/3</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>(NCM) is studied. </LI> <LI> Blending of LMO with NCM leads to lower gas releasing temperature of CO<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> During heating the NCM decomposes first followed by the LMO. </LI> <LI> MnO, NiO and possibly CoO were formed at temperatures higher than 500 °C. </LI> </UL> </P>

Structural Changes and Thermal Stability of Charged LiNi_<i>x</i>Mn_<i>y</i>Co_<i>z</i>O₂ Cathode Materials Studied by Combined <i>In Situ</i> Time-Resolved XRD and Mass Spectroscopy

Bak, Seong-Min,Hu, Enyuan,Zhou, Yongning,Yu, Xiqian,Senanayake, Sanjaya D.,Cho, Sung-Jin,Kim, Kwang-Bum,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Yang, Xiao-Qing,Nam, Kyung-Wan American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.24

<P>Thermal stability of charged LiNi<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Mn<SUB><I>y</I></SUB>Co<SUB><I>z</I></SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> (NMC, with <I>x</I> + <I>y</I> + <I>z</I> = 1, <I>x</I>:<I>y</I>:<I>z</I> = 4:3:3 (NMC433), 5:3:2 (NMC532), 6:2:2 (NMC622), and 8:1:1 (NMC811)) cathode materials is systematically studied using combined <I>in situ</I> time-resolved X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy (TR-XRD/MS) techniques upon heating up to 600 °C. The TR-XRD/MS results indicate that the content of Ni, Co, and Mn significantly affects both the structural changes and the oxygen release features during heating: the more Ni and less Co and Mn, the lower the onset temperature of the phase transition (i.e., thermal decomposition) and the larger amount of oxygen release. Interestingly, the NMC532 seems to be the optimized composition to maintain a reasonably good thermal stability, comparable to the low-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC333 and NMC433), while having a high capacity close to the high-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC811 and NMC622). The origin of the thermal decomposition of NMC cathode materials was elucidated by the changes in the oxidation states of each transition metal (TM) cations (i.e., Ni, Co, and Mn) and their site preferences during thermal decomposition. It is revealed that Mn ions mainly occupy the 3<I>a</I> octahedral sites of a layered structure (<I>R</I>3̅<I>m</I>) but Co ions prefer to migrate to the 8<I>a</I> tetrahedral sites of a spinel structure (<I>Fd</I>3̅<I>m</I>) during the thermal decomposition. Such element-dependent cation migration plays a very important role in the thermal stability of NMC cathode materials. The reasonably good thermal stability and high capacity characteristics of the NMC532 composition is originated from the well-balanced ratio of nickel content to manganese and cobalt contents. This systematic study provides insight into the rational design of NMC-based cathode materials with a desired balance between thermal stability and high energy density.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-24/am506712c/production/images/medium/am-2014-06712c_0003.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am506712c'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Stabilization of Catalytically Active Cu⁺ Surface Sites on Titanium–Copper Mixed‐Oxide Films

Baber, Ashleigh E.,Yang, Xiaofang,Kim, Hyun You,Mudiyanselage, Kumudu,Soldemo, Markus,Weissenrieder, Jonas,Senanayake, Sanjaya D.,Al‐,Mahboob, Abdullah,Sadowski, Jerzy T.,Evans, Jaime,Rodriguez, WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2014 Angewandte Chemie Vol.126 No.21

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The oxidation of CO is the archetypal heterogeneous catalytic reaction and plays a central role in the advancement of fundamental studies, the control of automobile emissions, and industrial oxidation reactions. Copper‐based catalysts were the first catalysts that were reported to enable the oxidation of CO at room temperature, but a lack of stability at the elevated reaction temperatures that are used in automobile catalytic converters, in particular the loss of the most reactive Cu<SUP>+</SUP> cations, leads to their deactivation. Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach, it is shown how the incorporation of titanium cations in a Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O film leads to the formation of a stable mixed‐metal oxide with a Cu<SUP>+</SUP> terminated surface that is highly active for CO oxidation.</P>