대리모를 둘러싼 쟁점과 해결방안

현소혜(Hyun, Sohye) 한국가족법학회 2018 가족법연구 Vol.32 No.1

There are various types of legislation about surrogacy according to the cultural background, family law tradition and reality of each country, especially about whether to allow a surrogate contract, if so, under what conditions and who is to be considered as legal parents of the child born from the surrogate mother. However there is no statute nor precedent handling the surrogate motherhood issues in South Korea, though a lot of previous studies has dealt with these problems. The purpose of this article is, based on the prior academic achievements and the research results of foreign legislation, to propose a bill draft on surrogate motherhood for not only solving the situation of interest-conflicts between surrogate mother and genetic mother but stabilizing the legal status of the child born from the surrogate mother. The conclusion is as follows: (1) the effect of gestational surrogate motherhood contract should be recognized under some strict conditions on the qualification of surrogate mother and infertility of intent parents, etc.; (2) the surrogate mother who has given birth has the status of legal mother by priority; (3) one of parties to the contract can file a complaint for granting the status of legal mother to the genetic mother; (4) the surrogate mother may withdraw the surrogate contract within a certain period after the birth, in which case judges cannot decide the genetic mother as a legal mother.

대리모에 관한 소고

오호철(O Ho-Cheol) 한국법학회 2009 법학연구 Vol.34 No.-

현재 우리나라에 있어 대리모를 규율하는 법률이 없어 이를 둘러싼 다양한 문제들의 해결은 학설과 민법의 해석에만 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 우리나라에서 영리목적을 가지고 대리모를 알선하는 사람과 이를 의뢰하는 사람 및 이를 시술하는 의사 등이 발생하여도 이를 직접적으로 규제하지 못한다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문은 더 이상 대리모를 방치하면 안 된다는 인식을 가지고 어떻게 이 문제를 해결하는 것이 바람직한 것인가를 살펴보았다. 우선적으로 본 논문은 외국의 입법 동향에 대해 살펴보고, 우리나라의 입법 동향을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 우리나라가 대리모를 허용할 수 있는지의 여부를 검토하였다. 이를 통해 우리 사회에서 대리모의 허용에 대한 부정적 견해가 있지만, 이를 허용하여야 한다는 결론에 도달하였다. 왜냐하면, 대리모를 금지한다고 해서 불법적 대리모의 이용이 없어지는 것이 아니기 때문에 그 실효성이 의문이다. 그리고 우리 사회에서 대리모를 통한 출산이 이루어지고 있는 실정에서 합법성을 무조건 부정하는 것은 사회 문제를 그대로 방치할 뿐이기 때문이다. 그러므로 차라리 자를 갖기를 원하지만, 대리모를 이용하지 않으면 안 되는 불임부부에 한하여 법제도 내에서 양성화시키는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. As of today, it is obvious fact that there is actually no clear regulation in law solution to diverse problems regarding surrogate mother depends on construction of theory and civil law. In accordance with this circumstances, the country have a limitation to restrict it directly when person recommends, requests or proceed surrogate mother illegally on profit pursuing purpose. Therefore this thesis is to find what would be the better way to solve this problem with the understandings that there should be no surrogate mother. Initially this thesis had to look at the movement of legislation in foreign country and our country. Also to find whether or not be possible to allow surrogate mother based on this fact. Our society has negative view of majority on allowing surrogate mother, however we have reached to the end finding surrogate mother must be allowed. Because, looking at the effective side, prohibiting surrogate mother does not mean usage of illegal surrogate mother would be disappeared forever. In actual circumstances child birth is generally by through surrogate mother in our society, denying lawfulness without any reason would only leave society issue. Thus it would be rather desirable to bring out into the open, within legislation, to use surrogate mother for infertile couples desire to have a baby. However surrogate mother for profit must be prohibited.

대리모에 의한 출산자의 모자관계

이영규 ( Young Gyu Lee ) 한국법정책학회 2010 법과 정책연구 Vol.10 No.1

Because of recent technology in the way a child can be conceived, it became apparent that new laws defining parentage were needed. A legal mother is one who carries a child to birth. But it can now also be one whose egg was fertilized, someone who has been adjudicated as such through adoption, or one under a gestational agreement. Under these last three instances, the woman who carried the child to birth would not be the legal mother. There are two types of surrogacy. The first type is the traditional surrogacy arrangement, in which a couple contracts with a surrogate mother to have the intentional father`s sperm artificially inseminated into the surrogate. Here the surrogate will use her own egg, thus she will be genetically related to the child. The second type of surrogacy, called gestational surrogacy, can take place several ways. The intentional mother can use her own egg and the intentional father will use his own sperm, and the embryo, which is fertilized outside of the womb, will then be transplanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother. In this case, the surrogate mother is not genetically related to the child. As the use of surrogates has become more prevalent, courts and legislatures have been challenged by the legality of surrogacy agreements. Our society must determine the appropriate degree of legal regulation of these procedures. In family law is three types of motherhood including biological motherhood, legal motherhood, and social motherhood. However, the relationship between a child and her legal mother is social motherhood.

대리모계약의 효력에 관한 소고

한삼인 ( Han Sam-in ),김상헌 ( Kim Sang-hun ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2013 외법논집 Vol.37 No.1

As the contemporary society is going under rapid transition in line with the development of science technology, legal issues are becoming more diverse and complex, indicating that the current legal application will not be sufficient to bring about resolution apt to the current world. Assessment on a legal issue not only requires existing legal principles but also new principles that are based on the understanding and insight about the fundamental issues bearing on social phenomenons. Based on such rational standard for resolutions, changes in laws and precedents in regard to changing one’s gender after sex change, keeping a child’s family name upon his or her parent’s remarriage and organ transplants from brain-dead patients. Such changes indicates the need from discussions about jus sanguinis and other basic principles, requiring various theories thereto. There is no denying that a principle that could aptly solve issues in line with the changes in the society is required. However, as for the issue of hired-surrogates, such an issue is at odds with the good customs and other social orders under the pretext of providing new legal principles. In particular, taking into account the possibility the surrogates themselves might refuse to hand over the new-born child due to the emotional attachment formed in the course of pregnancy, the review on whether such an issue can be handled from legal contract point of view is also required. Hired-surrogates using artificial fertilization have the advantage of adjusting women’s birth decisions and period and thus contributed to improving opportunities for women themselves to commit themselves into working. However, hired surrogates under the capitalism also wreaked threats to dignity of motherhood and it is still undecided who should divide the welfare of new-born children. In particular, all of the surrounding phenomenons are against the good customs and other social orders and thus there are limits to applying the discussions on the surrogates in the western world. A good example would be the fact that Japan, also a nation of Asian Culture, has not yet created legal provisions which recognizes hired-surrogates. Therefore, in principle such hired-surrogates should be deemed invalid, however, from a legal policy point of view, a relevant provisions must be established that recognizes hired-surrogates as adoption not as a consequence of parental decision from a limited legal point of view, as long as those contracts are not of commercial and are for only those parents who can not have child. As foreign nations recognizes unilateral cancellation of the contract upon surrogate’s decision to not deliver one’s new born infant as a prerequisite of the contract, such similar conditions must be set forth. In conclusion, based on the principle of family law which is in support of birth-orientation, deeming surrogates as mothers complies with the women’s right and in order to recognize the cancellation of the contract, the contract should take the form of adoptions and the welfare of the child can be protected by separating legal bindings with his or her original parents.

모자보건법상 낙태가능결정기간 도입과 부양비 배상 - 우리나라 판례를 중심으로 -

봉영준 ( Young-jun Bong ) 한국법정책학회 2019 법과 정책연구 Vol.19 No.4

의료과오로 인하여 건강한 아이가 출생하여 부모가 지출하게 될 부양비에 대하여 ‘손해성’을 부정하였던 원치 않은 임신 소송인 1996년 서울고등법원 판결을 제외하고, 우리나라 대법원은 원치 않은 임신 소송에서는 물론 원치 않은 출산 소송에서 ‘부양비의 손해성’에 대하여 지금까지 그 입장을 밝힌 바 없었다. 또한 부모가 지출하게 될 부양비에 대하여 손해라고 인정하는 것이 아이의 인간의 존엄성을 침해한다고 언급한 적도 없었다. 원치 않은 출산 소송에서 부양비의 손해성에 대하여 법원이 그 입장을 밝히지 않고 있는 것은 원고의 청구가 없었기도 하지만, 다운증후군, 소두증 및 구개열 파열, 윌리암스증후군은 모자보건법 제14조의 낙태적응요건에 해당하지 않기 때문에 임산부의 낙태권을 인정할수 없고 또한 낙태권의 침해가 없다는 이유이었다. 그러나 2019년 4월 간통죄에 대하여 헌법재판소는 헌법불합치 결정을 하였는데, 이 결정이유에서 모자보건법 제14조의 낙태적응요건에서 낙태결정가능기간의 도입을 언급하면서 모자보건법의 개정이 예정된 상황이 발생하였다. 이처럼 모자보건법이 개정되어 낙태결정가능기간이 도입된다면 1973년 낙태결정가능기간을 인정한 미국연방대법원의 Roe v. Wade 판결과 동일한 상황이 이제는 우리나라에서 발생한 것이다. 따라서 우리나라 대법원은 원치 않은 임신 소송과 원치 않은 출산 소송에서 원치 않은 임신·출산의 경우에 낙태권을 인정하여야 하고 ‘부양비의 손해성’ 여부에 대해 적극적인 입장을 표명하여야 할 것이다. 또한 미국의 일부 주, 호주의 일부 주, 프랑스 등의 외국과 같이 원치 않은 아이에 관한 손해배상에 대한 입법적 해결정책도 논의가 필요한 시점이 되었다. Except for the 96Na10449 decision, the decision of the Seoul High Court in 1996, no court decision has still examined and mentioned that the physician who committed a medical malpractice should be responsible for the child support expenses on the ‘wrongful conception case’ and ‘wrongful birth case’ in Korea. In addition, no court has mentioned that the approval of damages for the child support expenses violates the child’s human dignity. The court did not recognize the abortion right of the pregnant woman and found that the defendant did not infringe on the right to abortion, not revealing its position on the loss of support, because plaintiff did not request the loss of support and Down’s syndrome, microcephaly and cleft palate, and Williams syndrome do not fall under the legal abortion requirement under article 14 of the Mother and Child Health Act. However, in March 2019, with the decision of unconstitution on the abortion rule in the Criminal Act, the Constitutional Court issued and mentioned an amendment to the Mother and Child Health Act by referring to the abortion requirement in Article 14 of the Mother and Child Health Act. Therefore if the abortion determination period is introduced in the Mother and Child Health Act, new situation will arise on the field of ‘Unwanted Child Case’ like the era of the Roe v. Wade case in U.S.A. The Supreme Court will have to admit abortion rights in the wrongful conception case and the wrongful birth case and have an active stance on the loss of support.

첨단의료보조생식에서의 법적 문제 ― 과학적 증명에 기반을 둔 친자법(親子法) 개정안을 중심으로 ―

송석현 ( Song Seok Hyun ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 의료·과학기술과 법센터 2018 연세 의료·과학기술과 법 Vol.9 No.2

생명과학과 의학기술의 발달은 인공수정과 같은 전통적인 방식과는 매우 다른 형태의 생식을 가능하게 하였다. 이러한 새로운 형태의 생식 방법은 유도만능줄기세포의 활용, 유전자 편집기술의 발전, 인공자궁의 개발 등과 함께 더욱 다양해질 것으로 예상된다. 극심한 저 출산 기조에 있는 대한민국의 인구건전성을 확보하는 측면에서 이러한 의료보조생식 기술의 발전과 활용을 장려할 필요성이 있지만, 이로 인한 사회적 혼란을 방지해야할 필요성 또한 존재한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 실정법의 해석론으로 그치는 것이 아닌 새로운 법률을 통한 입법적 해결만이 근본적인 해결방법이 될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 첨단의료보조생식 기술의 개발현황을 살펴보고, 관련된 법적 문제들을 살펴본다. 이 과정을 통해 첨단의료보조생식에 있어서 부모의 개념에 대한 새로운 법적 정의의 필요성을 확인하고, 첨단 의료보조생식에서의 친생자 결정을 위한 부모개념을 제시한다. 그리고 본 연구의 계기가 된 서울가정법원 2018년 5월 18일 자 2018브15 결정을 검토하고 그 타당성을 평가한다. 마지막으로 기존에 국회에 제출된 입법안 및 외국의 입법례에 대한 검토를 기반으로 친자법 개정안을 제안한다. 제안하는 개정안의 핵심 내용은 민법상 친자에 관한 규정을 과학적 증명에 기반을 둔 방식으로 개정하고, 의료보조생식에 대한 허가제를 도입하는 것이다. 지금까지 절대적인 원칙으로 지켜졌던 “Mater semper certa est”의 원칙에서 과감히 벗어나, 친자관계에 대해서 규범적 정의가 아닌 과학적 정의를 기반으로 한 친자법의 규정을 시도하는 것이다. 이와 같은 접근방법은 현대 사회의 변화된 모습에 비추어 타당한 것으로 생각되며, 앞으로 더 많은 법적 문제의 입법적 해결에 있어 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상한다. 기술의 발전에 따라 전통적인 임신과 출산 기준의 모성 인정에서 벗어난 사회적 인식의 변화가 존재하므로, 이에 발맞추어 법과 제도의 정비를 해 나가는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 그 과정에서 너무 서두른 나머지 기본적인 인간의 존엄을 해치거나 의료보조생식을 통해 태어난 새 생명에 대한 배려가 부족해지면 안 될 것이다. 이 연구는 첨단의료보조생식과 관련된 법적 문제를 해결하기 위한 첫걸음에 불과하며, 앞으로 민사법의 영역뿐만 아니라 주된 유전적 특징의 정의를 위한 생명공학분야의 연구라든지, 공법이나 형사법 같은 다른 법학 영역에서의 연구도 필요할 것이다. 앞으로의 과정에서도 늘 법과 제도의 편리보다는 생명에 대한 존중과 사람의 자유와 행복이 항상 고려되어야 할 것이다. The development of life sciences and medical technology has enabled other forms of reproduction like artificial insemination which is very different from the traditional way. In the near future, the way of reproduction is expected to be more diverse, with the use of induced pluripotent stem cell, gene editing technology, and the development of artificial womb. Even in order to secure the nation's population health, it needs to encourage further development of advanced assisted reproductive technologies(ARTs). However, it should also prevent social chaos. After all, only the enactment of a new law, not just interpretations of the positive law, will be fundamental solutions. In this paper, It firstly studied advanced assisted reproductive technologies starting with an overview of ARTs. Then, it finds if there are any legal issues with regard to medically assisted reproduction. It identifies the need for a new definition of parents to make a decision who is the parents, especially when reproduction occurs with advanced ARTs. And it presents the new concept of parents for the determination of legal parents in the assisted reproduction. Next, it reviews the judgment of the Seoul family court(2018. 5. 18. 2018브15) that inspired this study. Lastly, it tries to propose an amendment of the law of parent and children that reflects the characteristics of advanced ART based on the problem of parents' decision. For the purpose, it reviews the foreign regulation and legislation in assisted reproduction and legislation that has been submitted to our national assembly so far. The contents of the amendment are revising the civil law and adopting a licensing system for assisted reproduction. The proposed amendment of the law of parents and children is not based on a normative judgment but a scientific judgment. This approach is considered reasonable in light of the changing appearance of modern society and is expected to be used in the legislative resolution of more legal issues in the future. With technological advancements, there is a shift in social perception that deviates from the maternal recognition of traditional standards of pregnancy and birth, so it is important to keep the law and the system in line with the changes. However, the process should not be too hasty to undermine basic human dignity or lack consideration for new life born through assisted reproduction. This paper is only the first step in solving the legal issues associated with advanced ARTs, and it is believed that much discussion will be needed in the fields of public and criminal law as well as in the areas of civil law. In future processes, respect for life and liberty and happiness should always be considered rather than the convenience of law and institutions.