강원 지역 패류생산해역에 미치는 육상오염원의 세균학적 영향

김판구 국립강릉원주대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

The production, consumption and exportation of Korean fishery products has increased every year since 1990. For this reason, the shellfish growing area is increasing in Korea. Korea is the fourth largest producer of shellfish in the world, and the shellfish production volume was 52.8 million tons, making up 13.8 % of the total fishery products in 2019. However, food poisoning from eating shellfishes contaminated by microorganisms is often occurring. The bacteriological safety of shellfish is very important in the shellfish growing area because the shellfish growing area is often effected by land pollutant sources, stream water and domestic water. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological effect of land pollutant sources on the seawater and shellfish in shellfish growing area by rainfall at sea of Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si and north sea area of Samcheok-si in East sea, Korea. The total 65 samples (28 samples of land pollutant sources , 6 samples of shellfishes and 31 samples of seawater ) were collected from Yangyang-gun in East Sea, Korea, before and after rainfall. And then, the counts of fecal coliform, coliform group and Escherichia coli in land pollutant sources, seawater and shellfish were evaluated. The range of fecal coliform in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at the day before rainfall were 6.8~1,800 MPN/100 mL, 45~230 MPN/100 g and <1.8~430 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of coliform group in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at the day before rainfall were 22~1,800 MPN/100 mL, 70~330 MPN/100 g and 2.0~1,200 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of E. coli in shellfish at the day before rainfall was 40~90 MPN/100 g. The range of fecal coliform in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at 1st day after rainfall were 39~11,000 MPN/100 mL, 70~1,800 MPN/100 g and <1.8~1,100 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of coliform group in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at 1st day after rainfall were 68~ >160,000 MPN/100 mL, 260~3,300 MPN/100 g and 4.5~1,800 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of E.coli in shellfish at 1st day after rainfall were 60~210 MPN/100 g. The level of fecal coliform, coliform group and E. coli in land pollutant sources, seawater and shellfish were increased sharply at 1st day after rainfall compare to the day before rainfall. And then, slowly decreased at 3rd day after rainfall, and recovered as level before rainfall at 5th day after rainfall. The total 43 samples (15 samples of land pollutant sources, 4 samples of shellfishes and 24 samples of seawater ) were collected from Gangneung-si. The counts of fecal coliform, coliform group and Escherichia coli in land pollutant sources, seawater and shellfish were evaluated. The range of fecal coliform in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at the day before rainfall were 22~6,200 MPN/100mL, 62~70 MPN/100 gand <1.8~34 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of coliform group in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at the day before rainfall were 54~35,000 MPN/100 mL, 230~390 MPN/100 g and 6.8~70 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of E. coli in shellfish at the day before rainfall was 35~54 MPN/100 g. The range of fecal coliform in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at 1st day after rainfall were 49~17,000 MPN/100 mL, 700~1,300 MPN/100 g and <1.8~79 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of coliform group in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater at 1st day after rainfall were 110~54,000 MPN/100 mL, 2,200~5,400 MPN/100 g and 20~180 MPN/100 mL respectively. The range of E.coli in shellfish at 1st day after rainfall were 160~280 MPN/100 g. The level of fecal coliform, coliform group and E. coli in land pollutant sources, shellfish and seawater were increased sharply at 1st day after rainfall compare to the day before rainfall. And then, slowly decreased at 3rd day after rainfall, and recovered as level before rainfall at 5th day after rainfall. The total 73 samples (29 of land pollutants and 44 of seawaters) were collected from Samcheok-si. The range of fecal coliform in seawater was <1.8-2.0 MPN/100 mL before rainfall, but was increased to <1.8-4.5 MPN/100 mL at 1st day after rainfall (55.8 mL/day). And then, the range of fecal coliform in seawater was increased to <1.8-6.8 MPN/100 mL at 3rd day and <1.8-2.0 MPN/100 mL as same level before rainfall at 5th day after rainfall. The influence radius of land pollutant sources affect to shellfish farm was 8 m- 93 m before rainfall, but was increased to 10 m- 98 m at 1st day after rainfall. And then, the influence radius of land pollutant sources was decreased to 6 m- 87 m at 3rd day, and 5 m- 65 m at 5th day after rainfall. In addition, as a result of the seawater evaluation from January 2018 to February 2021, the geometric mean of the count of fecal coliform in Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si, and northen Samcheok-si were <1.8-4.5 MPN/100 mL, <1.8 –1.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-1.8 MPN/100 mL respectively, it is safe for hygiene standard. This is Gangwon-do's average sewage treatment rate is thought to be due to 98.4 % (as of 2020). From above results, the bacteriological quality of seawaters in the shellfish growing area at sea area of Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si, and northern Samcheok-si were affected mostly by amount of discharge water of land pollutant source and the cell number of fecal coliform. However, although seawater and shellfish in the shellfish production area are affected by rainfall, they are stably maintained according to the Korea Shellfish Sanitation Program (KSSP) standards. These results show that even in the rainy season, bacteria in the shellfish-producing area of ​​Gangwon-do are well managed from soil contaminants. However, it is considered that necessary sewage treatment facilities are supplemented and continuous sanitation management is necessary.

한국의 외국인노동자 주거 정책 연구 : 농업분야 이주노동자를 중심으로

이건희 국립강릉원주대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

본 연구는 2020년 12월 경기도의 한 농장 비닐하우스 내 가건물에서 이주노동자가 사망하는 사건을 계기로 하였다. 이 사건은 이주노동자 특히 농업분야 이주노동자 주거문제의 심각성과 시급한 대안 마련의 필요성을 드러낸 계기가 되었다. 연구를 위해 문헌 연구와 당사자와의 심층면접 결과 등을 종합하여 농업분야 이주노동자의 주거정책 발전을 위한 제언을 도출하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 주거와 관련한 문제 및 쟁점 파악, 중앙 및 지방정부 차원에서의 정책적 노력 분석, 이해당사자의 요구 파악 및 이를 반영한 정책적 대안 마련을 목적으로 한다. 연구의 내용은 다음과 같이 구성한다. 첫째, 이주노동자 특히 농업노동자의 주거 여건 및 공급과 관련한 문제와 정책적 쟁점을 정리한다. 둘째, 이주노동자 주거 문제 해결을 위해 중앙정부와 지방정부가 그간 시도했고 계획하고 있는 정책적 노력들을 조사하고 평가한다. 셋째, 이주노동자, 농업인, 공무원, 활동가 등 다양한 이해당사자를 면접하고, 그 결과를 문헌연구 결과와 종합하여 정책 제언을 도출한다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 전 세계적으로 영향을 끼친 코로나19로 인해 최근 체류외국인의 수가 일부 감소를 보였으나 전반적으로 체류 외국인의 숫자와 특히 농업분야 이주노동자에 대한 수요는 지속적으로 증가하였다. 정부에서는 고용노동부, 농림축산부, 법무부를 중심으로 정책적·제도적 개선을 위해 노력하였고, 기초단체를 중심으로 조례 제·개정이나 지역에서의 정책적 지원 다양화를 시도하였다. 다만, 그간의 정책에 대한 평가부분에서는 첫째, 숙소제공의 의무화에 대한 논의가 필요하다는 점, 둘째, 고용노동부의 숙식비 공제 지침 규정이 현장에서 과다 징수로 피해 사례가 발생한다는 점, 셋째, 가설건축물을 중심으로 한 정부 정책의 일관성 부족으로 인한 피해가 발생한다는 점, 넷째, 농업인에 대한 지원책이 마련되어야 한다는 점, 다섯째, 여성노동자의 성폭력 문제 등 안전과 건강권을 담보하지 못한다는 점, 여섯째, 국내외에서 고용허가제가가 ‘인신매매’적 문제를 갖고 있다는 비판이 있다는 점으로 나누어 정리하였다. 이를 바탕으로 주거문제 해결을 위해 첫째 주거권의 독립성 보장, 둘째 적절한 주거시설 제공을 위한 최저기준 마련, 셋째 주거비용의 표준화, 넷째 안전성 확보, 다섯째 접근성 확보를 원칙과 대안으로 제시하였다. 구체적인 제도개선방안으로는 첫째, 「외국인근로자 고용등에 관한법률」 개정을 통한 기숙사 제공 근거 마련, 둘째, 「근로기준법」 시행령 개정을 통한 숙소 기준에 대한 정비, 셋째, 「외국인근로자의 고용등에 관한법률」 개정을 통한 성폭력가해자 고용허가 제한 규정마련, 넷째, 「공공주택특별법시행령」 과 「장애인·고령자 등 주거약자 지원에 관한 법률 시행령」 개정을 통한 외국인근로자의 임대주택 입주신청 기회 제공하도록 하는 등 정책개선마련 방안을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 본 연구는 이주노동에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있고, 농업지역 노동자의 주거여건이 매우 열악한 상황에서 이에 대한 정책마련을 위해 수행한 연구라는 점에서, 관련법률 개정안을 구체적으로 제시하고 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 그동안의 농업지역 이주노동자 주거정책과 관련한 정부의 정책이 ‘상시화된 임시주택’에 ‘임시화된 상시근로자’의 형태로 고착되면서 그 문제가 심화된 것은 아닌지 묻고자 한다. 본 연구는 이주노동자의 주거문제 뿐 아니라 우리사회 전반의 주거이슈와 관련한 정책적 논의를 확장하는데 기여할 것이다. 향후 법령 개정 및 주거권 보장을 위한 숙소 기준 마련 등 관련한 후속 연구를 기대한다. This study was motivated by the incident where an immigrant worker was found dead in a temporary building inside vinyl greenhouse of a farm in Gyeonggi Province, December 2020. This incident served as a momentum to expose the severity of housing issue of immigrant workers, especially in the agricultural sector, and the necessity of urgently finding alternatives. Literature research and in-depth interviews were conducted for this study and the suggestions for improvement of housing policies for immigrant workers of agricultural sector was deduced by synthesizing research results. This study aims at (a) identifying the problem and issue regarding the housing situation; (b) analyzing the policy-level efforts of central and local governments; and (c) understanding the needs of interested parties and providing policy-level alternatives reflecting on the said needs. This paper proceeds in following order: First, verifies the problems and issues regarding the housing conditions and supply for immigrant workers, especially of farming industry. Next, investigates and assesses the policy-level efforts that central and local government had attempted and are planning to implement to solve the housing issue for immigrant workers. Lastly, interviews various persons with interest, such as immigrant worker, farm owner, public official, and activist, and aggregate with the results from literature review to deduce the policy-level proposal. Research results are as follows. First, with the COVID-19 influencing globally, the recent number of foreign residents in South Korea may have shown decrease in part, however, in general, the number has increased consistently as well as the demand for immigrant workers, especially of farming industry. Mainly by Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA), and Ministry of Justice (MOJ), the central government has made efforts for policy-level and institutional improvements while the local governments have attempted enactment and revision of relevant ordinances or diversification of regional policy-level supports. The section on evaluation of policies hitherto implemented is segmented into six parts of criticism; (a) the necessity to make provision of accommodation mandatory; (b) the reality that MOEL's guideline on deduction of board and lodging charge is causing excessive collection of the charge on the spot; (c) inconsistency of governmental policies about temporary buildings which is causing afflictions on the site; (d) the needs of arranging supporting plans for farm owners; (e) the actualities where female immigrant workers' safety and right to health is not guaranteed by the violence cases including sexual abuse; and (f) the fact that employment permit system (EPS) has human trafficking nature. Based on the criticisms above, guarantee of independence of right to adequate housing, arrangement of minimum standard for provision of adequate housing, standardization of board and lodging charge, securing safety and accessibility are suggested as principles and alternatives to solve the housing issue. Specific improvement suggestions for policies are as follows: First, bases for provision of dormitory should be arranged by amending the Act on the Employment of Foreign Workers. Second, the deliberation standard must be modified by amending the Enforcement Decree of the Labor Standards Act. Third, regulation on restricting employment permit for the sexual violence offenders should be made by amending the Act on the Employment of Foreign Workers. Lastly, opportunities for immigrant workers to apply for the rental houses should be given by amending the Enforcement Decree of the Special Act on Public Housing and the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Support for Housing Disadvantaged Persons including Persons with Disabilities and the Aged. This study is meaningful in that it is conducted to support policy-making and amendment of related laws in specific directions to solve poor living conditions of immigrant workers in agricultural regions while the demand for migrant labor is increasing. This study also questions whether the transition of government's policy, regarding the immigrant worker's residence in agricultural area, from 'permanent temporary housing' to 'temporary permanent worker' has deepened the problem. This study will contribute to broadening policy-level discussion not only on the housing issue of immigrant workers but also the general housing issue of South Korean society. I look forward to follow-up studies on amendment of law and provision of standards of accommodation for guaranteeing the right to adequate housing.