Lo irrepresentable en escena: "Los olvidados" en la dramaturgia contemporanea en el Cono Sur y espana : The Unrepresentable on Stage: "The Forgotten" in Contemporary Dramaturgy in the Southern Cone and Spain

Sandoval, Osvaldo Michigan State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Bridging generations: American Indian family perceptions of home/school partnerships

Sandoval, Nicolasa Irene University of California, Santa Barbara 2007 해외공개박사

Bridging generations: American Indian family perceptions of home/school partnerships is a case study that examines perspectives of community members affiliated with a California Indian reservation. This study investigates and documents perceptions of parents and families of American Indian elementary and secondary students enrolled in local and regional schools. These voices, currently under-represented in the literature, contribute new knowledge to the field of education, inform teaching, learning, and policy decisions regarding this particular American Indian community, and has implications for others historically under-served by educational institutions. Research data may inform investment approaches tribal governments employ towards developing home-school-community partnerships. This study posits methods for how educators and administrators (in schools and tribal governments) may better serve students and families by identifying appropriate ways to improve opportunities and outcomes for all stakeholders.

The geography of opportunity and vulnerability: State TANF policy, welfare dependency, and the diversity of welfare caseloads

Sandoval, Juan Onesimo University of California, Berkeley 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

The 1996 welfare-to-work altered social policy for poor families. My dissertation was designed to study the decline of state aggregate caseloads and individual work and welfare outcomes. By studying state aggregate data and looking at individual welfare-to-work transitions, I evaluate the incremental effects of the 1996 welfare-to-work law on reduced welfare dependency. This research indicates that the 1996 welfare-to-work law has had a considerable impact on reducing caseloads. The research also shows that four welfare paradigms have emerged: (1) social investment; (2) social reform; (3) social retrenchment; and (4) social disinvestment. These paradigms have a strong association with the racial composition of TANF caseloads. My research also provides evidence that long-term dependency has significantly been reduced and work participation among welfare recipients has increased since 1996. I used a discrete-change multi-nominal model to predict change in employment status as a function of: (1) vehicle ownership; (2) human capital; (3) social capital; (4) cultural capital; (5) neighborhood characteristics; and (6) state TANF policy. My dissertation concludes with a discussion about reforming welfare reform. Although state TANF programs are maturing and state policy makers are learning from their experiences, the economic crisis in many states may inevitably damage programs that promote work, personal responsibility, and family formation. I argued that if welfare reform is going to continue to be successful, policy initiatives need to address four barriers that will facilitate the transition from welfare-to-work: (1) structural barriers; (2) temporal barriers; (3) permanent barriers; and (4) unanticipated barriers. Welfare reform and a booming economy appear to be the panacea that people were looking for, but “ending welfare as we know it” will prove to be a bitter illusion and a hard pill to swallow if it augments the social forces of structural entrapment and forcible socioeconomic marginalization.

Closing the achievement gap: Focusing on English Language Learners in secondary schools

Sandoval, Jennifer De Baca University of Southern California 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the needs of the teachers of English Language Learners in two secondary schools (one middle and one high school) within one school district over the course of one school year. The study focused on the professional development offered to teachers of the English Language Learner (ELL) population. It also focused on the best practices implemented with this population throughout the school year, as well as on the evaluation tools used by the district to determine the success of the professional development. The two schools selected were in Southern California, and both had a high concentration of ELLs. Their demographics included 74% Hispanic students and 43% ELLs. A qualitative research design was used for this study. Methods of data collection included observations, interviews and document analysis. A triangulation of the data was enabled through interviews, observations and school artifacts that were collected to create a complete picture of the structures in place at the school sites. Throughout the study, the school district to which these schools belong, like many districts, faced the challenges of providing professional development to meet the needs of ELL students and their teachers. Both schools in the study had been closing the achievement gap between English Only (EO) and ELL students. The study found that the school district provided both schools with resources to support their ELL programs by providing both schools with ELL Coordinators and Intervention Specialists to provide professional development for teachers. Due in large part to the leadership in place at both schools, the schools' cultures reflected professional learning communities (PLC) where student learning was the priority. Teachers involved in the study spoke of the role of the principals and their involvement in student success. Both principals were described as "student principals" where students came first. The study found that administrators played an active role in student achievement. Through the PLCs, teachers were empowered to make decisions that support ELL success. Schmoker (2006) discussed ways in which teachers play an active role in making instructional decisions. They need time within the day to analyze data and collaborate on instruction that is based on student needs. When teachers are engaged in team meetings and in working together to create lesson plans, the same motivation for success can be translated to their classrooms (Guthrie, 2008). Throughout the study the school district provided on-going professional development during the PLC time. The study found that schools need to provide time for teachers to create lesson plans with students' unique instructional needs in mind. In addition, it found that although the school district had Teachers on Special Assignments (TOSA) to provide Professional Development (PD), teachers also needed coaching on how to implement the strategies within their content areas. Schools need to provide observation time for teachers to observe each other and to learn. The study found that through the use of professional development for teachers on best practices such as PLC and Response to Intervention (RtI), schools such as those in the study can close the achievement gap between EO and ELLs.

Catalytic gaze: Co-evolutionary adaptation in an emerging new Mesoamerican neighborhood in Los Angeles

Sandoval, Gerardo University of California, Berkeley 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

Redevelopment in low income communities involves a contradiction in that trying to improve neighborhoods through changes in physical infrastructure and new economic investments has usually led to displacement of low income residents. This dissertation, by applying the concepts of complex adaptive systems, takes a new approach to a fundamental and paradoxical problem facing city planning: how to improve a marginal neighborhood without displacing its previous residents as new and wealthier people move in. Its core is a revelatory case study exploring how redevelopment efforts targeting MacArthur Park, a low income immigrant neighborhood near downtown Los Angeles, contributed to a revitalization of its "immigrants' milieu" rather than to displacement of the population and disruption of its culture(s) and institutions. MacArthur Park's case is surprising and interesting because ten years after a subway was constructed and a local station opened in 1996, spearheading redevelopment, the Mesoamerican neighborhood was still very much intact and thriving. There had been important improvements in the area such as greatly reduced crime rates, increased formalization of certain previously informal services, enhanced local social services and education facilities, a shift to community policing, and obvious changes in the physical appearance of the park and the neighborhood. The neighborhood's "jungle" characteristics, dominant in the mid-1990s, had given way to "village" characteristics, while at the same time the neighborhood increasingly displayed traits of a "global ethnopole" with increasingly strong transnational links to the Mesoamerican homelands of many of its residents (especially Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador). Within its conceptual framework of complex adaptive systems, the research sought to answer the following question: Was the Central American Community in MacArthur Park able to co-evolve with the city's public agencies and not be displaced by the large infrastructure redevelopment plans for the area? If so, how and why was this co-evolution possible? What were the mechanisms underlying this process?. To understand what led to MacArthur Park's perhaps unique outcome, I carried out an in-depth case study, exploring neighborhood change primarily through semi-structured open-ended interviews with over 30 key persons involved in the main neighborhood institutions (both endogenous and exogenous) and in related events and activities affecting that change. Analyses of documents (especially of the several specific plans serially proposed for redevelopment of the subway station area), of census and demographic data, and of local media coverage of neighborhood events and news provided additional background, timelines, context and triangulation that proved essential to interpretation of the interview data. Qualitative data analysis software (N-Vivo 7) proved invaluable not only in recording and managing the interview data but also in following up on hypotheses and perceived relationships that emerged in the course of iterative reviews of the data and of initial analytic findings. Sartre's concept of "the gaze" was helpful in understanding the case, especially with regard to two matters---first, the neighborhood's attractiveness to elite downtown business interests seeking its redevelopment, and second, various community agents' responses to plans and initiatives. Several forms of capital (social, political, financial, and cultural) present in immigrant neighborhoods may not only increase their attractiveness as targets for redevelopment but also help them sustain their immigrants' milieu in spite of such challenges. Endogenous neighborhood institutions respond to pressures from the city's exogenous institutions. Interactions among their varied agents within a complex system lead, through mechanisms of copying and selection of agents and strategies, to adaptation and in some cases to co-evolution of some of the agents and some of their agencies. Both adaptation and co-evolution took place in MacArthur Park. To sustain their community in the face of large scale top-down redevelopment, endogenous institutions and agents in MacArthur Park needed the help of local government, with important agents within local government also seeking to sustain the ethnic make-up of the neighborhood. The case study of MacArthur Park shows that the processes of adaptation and co-evolution between the neighborhood's endogenous organizations and city institutions could proceed because three critical factors---Immigrant capital, CBO grassroots network power, and Latino city-wide political power---converged to sustain the Mesoamerican immigrants' milieu.

Prejudice in hiring decisions: The interaction of social identity, job role, and occupational context

Sandoval, Brian Alejandro University of Michigan 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

The present research builds on previous work and suggests that prejudice is more complex than classical views suggest and integrates research on the effects of social identity, job roles, and occupational context to present a unified framework of the factors that interact to influence the evaluations of applicants. This dissertation examined the job attainment rates of female and male deans in university settings and also experimentally manipulated social identity, job type and field to demonstrate the interactive emergence of prejudice in hiring decisions. Study 1a identified the gender of 2,867 deans and assistant deans across schools of arts and science, business, education, engineering, law, medicine, nursing, public health, and social work from the top 100 research universities in the United States. Results indicate women were less likely to attain top dean roles across all university settings, but specifically top roles in business and engineering. Study 1b examined the vitae of 39 men and women deans in business and law schools and found they did not differ on the number of publications and other selection criteria, but women presented more comprehensive information than men. Study 2 experimentally manipulated social identity, job role, and occupational context. Study 2a presented 200 participants with randomized resumes that indicated the applicant was either male or female, seeking a role as manager or assistant, in the field of education or finance. Analyses revealed women were not evaluated negatively based on their gender. Additionally, a three-way interaction of the three factors affected salary offers for individuals seeking counter-stereotypical jobs, especially when evaluated by women. Study 2b presented the same participants with resumes that indicated the applicant was either a White or Asian male, seeking a job as a production manager or sales manager, in computing or graphic design. Results suggest applicants were not evaluated negatively based on their race. Analyses failed to reveal a significant three-way interaction. These studies lend support to the interaction of social identity, job role, and occupational context affecting applicant evaluations. Implications for the definition of prejudice, the use of base rates and the upcoming 2008 American presidential election are also discussed.

Gradient and block copolymer interfacial behavior: Examination of physical properties and the effects on compatibilization and micelle behavior of copolymer in polymer blends

Sandoval, Robert William Northwestern University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

The addition of copolymer to one or more homopolymers is one approach that can be used to develop novel materials with new or synergistic properties. This dissertation presents a study on the effects of copolymer sequence distribution and attractive interactions on the compatibilization of immiscible homopolymers and the effects of sequence distribution on the critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of copolymer dispersed within homopolymer. Additionally, the first measurements on the glass transition temperature ( Tg) of polymer dissolved at trace levels within a second homopolymer and of polymer trapped within micelles were completed. Dispersed-phase blends of polystyrene (PS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were compatibilized by the addition of styrene-hydroxystyrene copolymer. By introducing a gradient in the copolymer sequence distribution, stable sub-micron diameter PCL domains were formed. Incorporating fewer hydrogen bonding units within the copolymer promotes compatibilization. Additionally, changing the sequence distribution of the copolymer affects its ability to hydrogen bond with PCL. By employing weaker dipole/dipole interactions, it is demonstrated that conventional melt mixing of two homopolymers (PS) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and a copolymer (styrene/methyl methacrylate (S/MMA) gradient copolymer) used as a compatibilizing agent can produce compatibilized nanostructured blends. Additionally, the effects of sequence distribution on the stabilization of a cocontinuous PS/PEO blend were examined. Opposite of the results found in the dispersed-phase blends, S/MMA block copolymer addition resulted in superior compatibilization effectiveness compared to S/MMA gradient copolymer addition. The effects of copolymer architecture on the CMC were examined by employing a simple fluorescence technique. The CMCs of various copolymers dispersed within homopolymers were determined, and the following characteristics were tested to determine what greatly impacts the CMC: molecular weight, copolymer composition, sequence distribution, segregation strength, and attractive interactions. This fluorescence technique was then extended to examine Tgs of components within polymer blends. An increase or decrease in the Tg of polymer-A chains dispersed in a polymer-B matrix that depends on the Tg of the matrix was observed, consistent with theoretical predictions. It was also determined that the homopolymer matrix can impact the Tg of polymer chains trapped within the core of micelles.

The Role of Dlg1 in Early B cell Development and Oncogenic Transformation

Sandoval, Gabriel Joseph Washington University in St. Louis 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

The ability to properly maintain and control cell polarity, migration and cell cycle induction are hallmarks of normal cellular development; moreover, disruption of any or all of these processes can result in tumorigenesis. Polarity genes regulate many aspects of cell polarity including: proliferation, survival, differentiation and cell migration. <italic>D. melanogaster discs large</italic> (<italic>dlg</italic>) gene is essential in drosophila development by controlling polarity and growth of epithelial cells in imaginal discs. A mammalian homolog, <italic> Dlg1</italic>, is involved in embryo morphogenesis, orchestration of post-synaptic densities in adult neurons, and lymphocyte function. However, a potential involvement of <italic>Dlg1</italic> in lymphoid lineage malignancies remains unknown. During early stages of B-lineage differentiation in bone marrow, signals emanating from IL-7R and pre-BCR are thought to synergistically induce proliferative expansion of progenitor cells. Paradoxically, loss of pre-BCR-signaling components is associated with leukemia in both mice and humans. Exactly how progenitor B cells perform the task of balancing proliferative burst dependent on IL-7 with the termination of IL-7 signals initiating L chain gene rearrangement remains to be elucidated. In this study we show that loss of Dlg1 in B-lineage precursors leads to a developmental arrest at a novel pre-leukemic stage of pre-B cell differentiation characterized by expression of c-Myc and exaggerated response to IL-7. Furthermore, we provide genetic and functional evidence that the cessation of the IL-7 response of pre-B cells is controlled via a cell autonomous mechanism that operates at a discrete developmental transition inside Fraction C' (large pre-BII). Our data indicate that pre-BCR cooperates with IL-7R in expanding the pre-B cell pool, but is also critical to control the differentiation program silencing the c-Myc gene in large pre-B cells. Mechanistically, we show that Dlg1 interacts with and stabilizes PTEN protein by regulating its half-life. Accordingly, Dlg1-loss leads to dramatically diminished PTEN protein, but not mRNA, expression and excessive PI3K signaling. Strikingly, when placed in a "sensitized" tumor model, mice lacking Dlg1 succumbed to a variety of B-lineage tumors and displayed increased mortality rates compared to control cohorts. Thus, our data reveal a novel mechanism of tumor suppression by a mammalian MAGUK protein in hematopoietic lineage.

Distinct Cellular Sources of Type III IFNs During Respiratory Virus Infections

Sandoval, Marvin J ProQuest Dissertations & Theses New York Universit 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Type I (IFN慣/棺) and Type III Interferons (IFN-貫1,2,3,4) are two families of antiviral cytokines that signal through distinct receptor complexes but trigger the same JAK-STAT signaling cascade that results in the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While we have come to understand much about the role Type I IFNs since their discovery in the 1950s, the distinct and nonredundant role of the more recently discovered Type III IFNs remain unclear. IFN-貫s are believed to play a critical role in mediating innate antiviral defenses at mucosal compartments, since epithelial cells are one of the very few cell types that express IFN-貫 receptor complexes. Type I and Type III IFNs are produced in response to virtually all virus infections, but the cell populations responsible for their production remain to be defined. Using an IFN-貫 reporter mouse, in which the coding region of IFNL2 was replaced with eGFP, we sought to investigate the cellular source of IFN-貫 during the course of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections in the lungs. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments using the IFN-貫 reporter mouse showed that NDV infections in the lungs stimulated IFN-貫 production predominantly from epithelial cells of the larger bronchiole airways, while alveolar macrophages exclusively produced IFN-慣, signifying a differential IFN expression pattern in the lungs. Despite the differential regulation of IFN-貫 and IFN-慣 genes between epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, both cell types relied on RIG-I/RIG-I-like receptors and MAVS to induce IFNs. IAV infections in IFN-貫 reporter mice revealed that epithelial cells were minor contributors to IFN-貫 production, and instead, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were the major source of IFN-貫. Additionally, we go on to demonstrate that pDCs are also the predominant source of IFN-慣, making this cell type a rich source of both Type I and Type III IFNs during IAV infections. Surprisingly, pDCs that lack Type I IFN receptors (IFNAR) fail to produce IFN-貫 in response to IAV infections, which could potentially be explained by the significantly reduced levels of IRF7 expression we observe in IFNAR-/- pDCs. Altogether, our results identify main cellular sources of IFN-貫 in two different virus infections in the lung, while also demonstrating that cell populations induced to express Type I and Type III IFNs will likely depend on various factors such as specific pathogen, specific strain, cellular tropism, and anatomical compartment.

Allocation of educational resources to improve student learning: Case studies of California schools

Sandoval, Patricia G University of Southern California 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

In the era of NCLB and standards based instruction, CA schools have mounting pressures to make AYP and meet their API growth targets. Consequently, educational researchers are focusing on which resources are necessary to increase the achievement of all students. In the current age of accountability, schools must target their existing resources and link them to strategies that will lead to student achievement. School level resource use studies examine how schools utilize their existing resources and whether they allocate them toward effective strategies. This research is comprised of school level resource allocation and use case studies that inform how eight schools have implemented effective instructional practices. It discusses strategies the schools have implemented to increase their API scores and double their percent proficient scores in English Language Arts. The resource allocation patterns are analyzed using the Evidence Based Model (Odden & Picus, 2008) and the school improvement strategies are explicated through the Washington Successful School Study (Fermanich et al., 2006).